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Ecuador (Spanish: Rep ú blica del Ecuador) is a country located in the northwest of South America, bordering Colombia in the north, Peru in the south, the Pacific Ocean in the west, and Chile, which is not adjacent to Brazil in South America, and has the Galapagos Islands, 1000 kilometers from Ecuador itself.

Ecuador became independent from the rule of Spain on August 10, 1809. Because the equator crosses the border of Ecuador, Spanish takes the equator (ecuador) as the country's name, so the country also has the nickname of "equatorial country", or is also known as "banana country" because it is rich in bananas.

Quito, the capital, is located in the foothills of the Picincha volcano at an altitude of 2850 meters, making it the second highest capital in the world (after La Paz, Bolivia). Is a member of the Union of South American Nations.

In Ecuador in 1920, after disease killed a large number of cocoa trees, many farmers began to switch to coffee. Coffee was the main cash crop for export until 1970. After the coffee crisis in 1990, it was gradually replaced by oil, bananas and shrimp.

Since 40% of the coffee trees are robusta, most of the coffee beans are exported to neighboring Colombia as instant coffee.

What about Ecuador's own instant coffee? Because Ecuadorian coffee is expensive (so almost all exported coffee beans are made in the cheapest way of solarization), most instant coffee factories import beans from Vietnam.

Of course, in recent years, under the influence of the boutique coffee market, Ecuador has begun to plant high-quality varieties in many high-altitude areas, such as Loja and Zamora Chinchipe, and not only varieties, these areas are quite high altitude, which is conducive to the growth of coffee.

General situation

The Republic of Ecuador is located in northwestern South America. It is bordered by Colombia in the northeast, Peru in the southeast and the Pacific Ocean in the west. The area is 28 3 5 6 1 square kilometers. The coastline is about 9.30 km long.

Used to be the place where the Indians lived. The 15th century belonged to the Inca Empire. It became a Spanish colony in 1532. Joined Greater Colombia after independence in 1822. The Republic was established from Greater Colombia in 1830. He established diplomatic relations with China on January 2, 1980.

Resident

People of mixed Indo-European race account for 41% of the residents, Indians account for 34%, which is one of the countries with a large proportion of South American Indians, and others are white, black and black-and-white. Most of the residents are distributed in the basins in the central mountains and the western coastal plain. Most residents are Catholic. Spanish is the official language.

Natural environment

The equator runs north of the border, and Ecuador means "equator" in Spanish. The Andes Mountains run through the central part of the border, and the country is divided into three parts: the western coast, the central mountains and the eastern region. 1. The western coast: including coastal plains and foothills, high in the east and low in the west, generally below 200 meters above sea level, with some hills and low mountains 600-700 meters above sea level. Belongs to the tropical rain forest climate, the southernmost end begins to transition to the savanna climate. The average annual precipitation decreases from more than 3000 mm to about 500 mm from north to south. Second, the central mountains: after entering Ecuador from Colombia, the Andes is divided into the eastern and western Cordillera mountains, with a plateau high in the north and low in the south, with an average elevation of between 25000 meters and 3000 meters. The ridges crisscross, dividing the plateau into more than ten intermountain basins. The most important are the Quito basin and the Cuenca basin in the south. There are many volcanoes and frequent earthquakes in the territory. The famous Kotopaxi volcano, 589.7 meters above sea level, is one of the highest active volcanoes in the world. Located in the middle of Ecuador, Mount Chimborazo, 6262 meters above sea level, is the highest peak in Ecuador. The intermountain basin in this area belongs to the savanna climate and the mountain belongs to the subtropical forest climate, with perennial snow above 4000 meters above sea level. The average annual precipitation is about 1000 mm, the rainy season is from December to June of the following year, and the dry season is from July to November. III. Eastern region: part of the Amazon River Basin. The river is fast in the foothills of 1200-250 meters above sea level, and there are alluvial plains below 250 meters above sea level. the river is open, the flow is gentle and there are many rivers. It belongs to tropical rain forest climate, it is humid, hot and rainy all the year round, and the average annual precipitation is between 2000 and 3000 mm.

The Cologne Islands (Galapagos Islands) is located in the Pacific Ocean, about 900 kilometers east from the continental coast. The area is 7 800 square kilometers. It includes 7 large islands and about 70 small islands, all composed of volcanic cones and lava.

Natural resources.

The minerals are mainly oil, mainly distributed in the Guayaquil Bay, and oil fields are also found in the Amazon Plain. Gold and silver are distributed in Machaki and Saluma and other places. Copper is made in Machaki. There are sulfur mines in the Cologne Islands. In addition, there is iron, lead and so on. The forest area accounts for about 68% of the national area, mostly distributed in the eastern region, rich in valuable wood, such as mahogany and balsam (or Balsa wood). The coast is rich in tuna and shrimp. Giant turtles and giant lizards on Cologne Island.

Economic situation

The economy is dominated by agriculture, and the agricultural population accounts for 47% of the total population. It can be roughly divided into two different types of agricultural areas: mountain agricultural areas, located in the intermountain valleys and basins of the Andes at an altitude of about 25000 meters-4000 meters above sea level, mainly growing food crops, vegetables, fruits, and raising livestock, the main food crops are corn, barley, wheat, potatoes, etc.; coastal agricultural areas, located in the western coast and river valleys Mainly grow bananas for export (with an annual output of about 3.4 million tons), cocoa, coffee, etc., as well as rice and cotton. The coastal fishery is rich in resources, with an annual fishing capacity of more than 9 million tons. With the rapid development of oil exploitation, the proven oil reserves for the main sectors of the mining industry are 23. 5%. 500 million barrels. Silver, copper, lead and other minerals are also mined. The main industries are oil extraction, sugar, textile, cement, food processing and pharmaceuticals. The main trade partners are the United States, Britain, Germany and other countries. Export crude oil (about 65% of the total export value), bananas, coffee, cocoa, ointment wood.

The total length of the railway is 1169km, of which Quito to Santa Rosa is a new line with a length of 241km. There are more than 36, 000 kilometers of highways. There are international air routes to New York, Miami, Rio de Janeiro, Lima and other important foreign cities.

Important cities

Quito: the capital, an ancient Indian city. The national political, economic, cultural and transportation center. There are textile, pharmaceutical, food and other industries. There is Marshal Sucre International Airport nearby. Guayaquil: a seaport along the Pacific coast. 80% of the country's foreign trade passes through this. Cuenca: an ancient city in the south, located in the Kunka Basin, about 2500 meters above sea level. There are sugar, pottery, wool textile and other industries, famous for straw hat weaving industry. Surrounded by agricultural and pastoral areas.

Other

National Day: August 10th.

The day of establishing diplomatic relations with China: January 2, 1980.

Currency: sucre.

Time: 5 hours later than GMT; 13 hours later than Beijing time.

National flower: White orchid.

National bird: big vulture.

Interpretation of the name of the country: Spanish means "equator".

Known as the equatorial country (the equator passes through its north).

Folklore: a sacrifice ceremony will be held in front of the hollow cylinder as the symbol of the equator at noon on March 21 and September 23 every year.

The best in the world: Cologne Islands is a rare place full of strange flowers and plants and rare birds and animals in the world today. Abound in big sea turtles and big lizards. Cologne Islands is one of the "human cultural and natural heritage" reserves in the world.