Drinking coffee increases the risk of ovarian cancer death?

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2.25 billion cups of coffee are consumed worldwide every day, and many articles based on small studies have shown that bioactive substances in coffee play a positive role in reducing inflammatory levels, insulin antagonism and the risk of diabetes. Recent large studies, mainly in the United States, have reported that higher coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of all-cause death. Does this conclusion apply to other regions as well? Written by Professor Gunter in Ann. Intern. The health impact of coffee consumption in 10 European countries published in Med magazine once again develops and confirms the above point of view.

The US study and meta analysis report that higher coffee consumption is associated with lower risk of cardiovascular disease death, coffee consumption is not associated with cancer death risk, and data on the association between coffee consumption and mortality from other chronic diseases, such as digestive and respiratory diseases, are limited. This study of 10 European countries not only explored the relationship between coffee produced by different processes and all-cause and specific etiology and mortality, but also explored the potential biological mechanisms.

A total of 521330 people were enrolled in the EPIC study from 10 European countries, with a median follow-up of 16.4 years and 41693 deaths. Compared with those who did not drink coffee, the all-cause mortality in the quartile of coffee consumption was significantly lower, which was negatively correlated with the mortality of digestive tract diseases. For women, coffee consumption was negatively correlated with the mortality of circulatory and cerebrovascular diseases, and positively correlated with the mortality of ovarian cancer. Higher coffee consumption was associated with lower alkaline phosphatase, glutamic pyruvic transaminase, glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase and glutamine transpeptidase, and lower CRP, lipoprotein and glycosylated hemoglobin in women.

EPIC studies have shown that higher coffee consumption is associated with a lower risk of death, especially from digestive and circulatory diseases, and this association exists in both caffeine and caffeine; coffee consumption is also associated with serum markers of liver function, inflammation, insulin sensitivity and blood lipids, which provides a reasonable biological explanation for the health effects of coffee.

Consistent with this EPIC study, prospective studies in Japan and the United States also found a negative correlation between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality. Previous studies in Europe were small, initiated by a single country, with relatively small changes in coffee intake and preparation methods, while EPIC data came from 10 European countries with different coffee preparation processes and consumption levels. Similar to the results of the NI Health AARP cohort study, a negative correlation between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality existed in all subgroups, including lifestyle, human differences, dietary changes, and so on.

The negative correlation between coffee and all-cause mortality was significant in both caffeine and decaf, but the interpretation of the results should be cautious, as data on decaf were not collected in all centres, and the results may be affected by people who use both types of coffee.

EPIC studies also show a strong negative correlation between coffee consumption and liver disease mortality. Previous studies have also reported a negative correlation between coffee consumption and alcoholic and non-alcoholic liver cirrhosis. Among the results of the EPIC study, the number of cases of liver disease is the largest in similar studies, which is consistent with the results of previous small studies.

The changes of several liver function indexes were lower in coffee consumers, suggesting the beneficial effect of coffee on liver function and health. There is experimental evidence that caffeine plays an anti-fibrotic effect by reducing the proliferation of hepatic stellate cells and hepatocytes, stimulating apoptosis and inhibiting adhesion. In addition, caffeine weakens the progression of fatty liver disease by reducing fat accumulation, oxidative stress and liver inflammation, and may also play a beneficial role in the progression of hepatitis C.

The results of a negative correlation between coffee consumption and mortality from circulatory diseases are also similar to those of the NI Health AARP cohort study, and the association is stronger in women. The study also shows that HDL-C levels are higher in women who consume coffee, but not in men. It is well known that HDL-C is negatively associated with stroke and other circulatory diseases.

Also only in women, levels of lipoprotein, CRP and glycosylated hemoglobin were lower among coffee consumers. Since there is a stronger negative correlation between female coffee consumption and circulatory disease mortality, it is assumed that this association is related to the gender-specific benefits of coffee, mainly related to lipids, inflammation and metabolism.

It is worth noting that the EPIC study also observed a positive correlation between female coffee consumption and overall cancer mortality, mainly due to the positive correlation between coffee consumption and ovarian cancer mortality. There is no reason and inference about this association, and further research is needed, but it should be pointed out that coffee and ovarian cancer incidence have been reported in the past.

The study also found a negative correlation between coffee consumption and suicide in men, but not in women, and previous reports were contradictory. There were 418 suicides in the EPIC study, and other information related to suicide risk, such as antidepressant use and mental illness status, was not included in the study, which may affect the relationship between coffee consumption and suicide.

Although the EPIC study is currently the largest related study and controls multiple confounding factors, it may still be affected by uncontrolled confounding factors; in addition, there is only the baseline coffee consumption level, which may change during follow-up; finally, coffee consumption is self-reported, so there may be measurement errors.

In summary, this study shows that higher coffee consumption reduces all-cause death, especially digestive and circulatory diseases, and contributes to changes in biochemical indicators of liver function and inflammation. These results support the hypothesis that coffee is good for health. Moreover, the consumption of coffee is large, and its intake is adjustable, so its beneficial health effect should be paid attention to.

Comment: coffee is good for human health is not a new topic, how to make this conclusion more reliable is the goal that foreign researchers have been trying to achieve, with the publication of each large-scale research results, it is closer to the truth. Does this also give people who love drinking tea a hint that there is a more theoretical basis for how to make "drinking tea healthier"?