On Coffee Culture how people from all over the World drink Coffee

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For coffee fans, apart from the mellow and round taste, the most attractive thing about a cup of delicious coffee is the slightly mysterious aroma that comes out of the brewing process. Therefore, the so-called tasting of a cup of coffee should start from the moment you make your own coffee. Coffee produces different aromas at different brewing stages. At the beginning of brewing, the aroma of coffee is like raw coffee beans, the taste is very astringent, and then the aroma will gradually change from raw to mellow. After the coffee is brewed, you should smell its fragrance before tasting it, and then observe its color: only coffee with clear soup color can bring a refreshing and round taste to the mouth.

Finally, sip the coffee in a small sip. at this time, there is no hurry to drink the coffee. It should be temporarily contained in the mouth, so that the coffee is slightly mixed with saliva and air. At the same time, you can feel the coffee in different parts of the mouth, and then gently let the coffee into the intestines and stomach. Only by combining the taste and appreciation of smell, vision and taste can we really realize the essence of a good cup of coffee.

The best drinking temperature for coffee is 75 ℃ ~ 80 ℃, so drink it while it is hot. Although the temperature of a cup of high-quality coffee should be consistent in the taste, the cooled coffee will slightly lose its color in aroma; after a cup of hot coffee has been placed for an hour, all the aroma will be gone. Moreover, because of the unstable nature of coffee, it is easy to acidify after cooling, which in turn affects the flavor of coffee, so coffee should be drunk while it is hot.

In addition, many people think that only by drinking "black coffee" can they really drink coffee. In fact, only when evaluating the grade of coffee beans, do you need to drink black coffee without sugar and cream, and ordinary people should drink coffee according to their personal preferences and other foods. Adding other foods can sometimes make up for the shortcomings of coffee, such as adding ground lemon or orange peel to increase the irritation of coffee, adding cream to remove astringency, and adding sugar to reduce bitterness. However, if it is a cup of high-quality coffee, it is best to taste it in the way of black coffee, so that you can enjoy the balance of sweet, sour and bitter taste of the coffee.

Coffee has been favored by people all over the world because of its unique romantic aroma and soft bitterness, and it has become an irreplaceable magic drink in many people's daily life. At present, the drinking habits of coffee all over the world have their own different drinking habits due to the different spreading process of coffee and the different customs and cultures. From this point of view, drinking coffee is not only to enjoy a cup of coffee, but also to understand the cultural spirit endowed by coffee and the customs and customs of various countries.

In the Arab Muslim areas, because it is the birthplace of drinking coffee, local people still cling to the ancient way of drinking coffee. They use deep-roasted coffee beans that are close to black, grind them into a very fine powder, boil them in a small pot and add sugar several times. Instead, it becomes a cup of coffee that is extremely rich, bitter and sweet with coffee grounds. Perhaps it is because coffee was originally spread in Arabia for religious purposes: early Islam allowed monks who dozed off during evening worship to drink coffee to refresh themselves. because the effect was so good, they had to drink coffee in every religious ceremony. Because of the ceremonial characteristics of coffee in Arabia, local people still taste it leisurely when drinking coffee in an elegant and polite manner.

In Latin regions of southern Europe, what people like most is Italian coffee brewed by coffee compressors. Coffee beans that are deeply roasted are poured out of charred coffee with a thin oil foam floating on it. They are used to drinking a cup of coffee in the morning and evening. Probably because of the happy nature of the Latins, most Italian coffee houses are mainly enjoyed by standing at the bar. I saw the Italian enter the cafe, stand at the bar and drink up a small cup of Italian coffee, which is quite different from the calm manner of the Arabs.

Austria, located in Eastern Europe, has a splendid historical tradition, which makes the Austrians very proud. Everything is elegant and gorgeous, and the cafes are so elegant and gorgeous. To Austrians, cafes are like small castles for individuals in the mind, where they can rest temporarily, liberate the mind, or share the details of life with friends. In addition to mellow coffee, there are also the most famous desserts in Austria, making the cafe the most popular place for Austrians.

In freezing Russia, the way of drinking coffee mainly focuses on the heat preservation and heating of coffee, which is brewed and drunk in much the same way as Russian Black Tea, that is, black tea or coffee is brewed in a pot called Savova. In order to match the taste of coffee, marmalade is added to the coffee and served as a snack with foamed whipped cream and orange slices. Of course, to drink coffee in the icy climate of Soviet Russia, it is absolutely necessary to add strong vodka to the coffee to ward off the cold.

For the United States on the other side of the Atlantic, it is mostly Protestant in religion, and there are no Catholic bishops or the royal family of the Church of England. In the economic and social background, there is no hereditary aristocracy with a title, and each farmer is an independent landlord rather than a tenant farmer. So everyone in the United States is equal, they think that there is nothing taller than them except trees, coupled with the spirit of equality, the coffee culture in the United States is very civilian and daily. Drinking coffee is like a kind of life, a habit, a part of life. The American habit of drinking coffee was introduced by immigrants in the 18th century, but it really began to drink in large quantities during World War II. The coffee they drink is very light, usually the whole pot of brewed coffee is kept warm on an insulated plate so that it can be drunk at any time at work or when doing housework. At the same time, in order to facilitate drinking at any time, so the cup they use is a convenient mug. Because the coffee brewed by Americans is very light, they are used to adding milk and sugar to their coffee.

When drinking coffee, the Japanese pay great attention to the changes in external patterns, so they often add a lot of fresh cream to the coffee, and add chocolate powder, cinnamon, lemon, willow, mint, etc., in addition to improving the visual effect, it can also increase the change in taste. Sometimes it is mixed with pure Japanese-flavored green tea powder to create Japanese-flavored green tea coffee.

In addition, the Japanese also have a special preference for iced coffee, including iced coffee milk series with milk, iced mocha coffee with chocolate sauce, and ice cream-based sundae. there are also cocktails full of adult flavor. From such a rich and varied taste of iced coffee, it can be seen that the Japanese are crazy about iced coffee. They not only think that Japanese iced coffee is the most varied coffee taste in the world, but even think that iced coffee was invented by the Japanese.

If you like to drink coffee, coffee always has a place in your personal story.

If you also like to travel, "coffee" may be the "index" of your station.

How many years of the past will leave traces of "coffee".

In Turkey, I can never forget the fragrance of chewing coffee residue, let alone sitting in the castle of the Crusader era and drinking coffee.

In Keywest, the southernmost corner of Florida, you will choose Hemingway's little cafe and think about the story of "the Old Man and the Sea".

In Paris, sitting in a cafe on the left bank, drinking coffee and watching passers-by, imagine how Picasso, Sartre and the writer Simon Beaufort can get artistic and ideological inspiration here.

On the street corner of Amsterdam, the Netherlands, savor the aroma of coffee and aftertaste Van Gogh's unique artistic genius.

In Italy, some people will laugh at you for ordering "cappuccino". They think "Capuccino" is too creamy and is a drink for children. Adults need to drink espresso to taste it. Its rich flavor is like an opera scene after scene, which is memorable.

In China, they ask me what kind of medicine coffee is made of, but I can't drink it!

On a yacht on the Thai island of Phuket, it is so cozy and carefree to drink a cup of iced coffee on the deck with blue sea and blue sky and clear breeze.

In a word, coffee, as long as you like it and appreciate it, it will always adorn your life and stay by your side.

When it comes to the origin and legends of coffee, we have to start with the origin of coffee. Although there are different legends, those that are more talked about and credible are roughly divided into two categories: one is the story of the shepherd in Christian legends, and the other is the rumor of "Arab monks" favored by Muslims.

The story of the shepherd originated from the Lebanese linguist Fasteneloni. In 1671, there was a passage in the Monastery without Sleep. on the highlands of Ethiopia, there was a shepherd named Caldai, driving goats to the new prairie to graze, and suddenly found that his sheep were jumping, running and screaming, so excited that they could not sleep even at night. This frightened Caldai, thinking that some great disaster was coming, so he went to the Abyssinia monastery for help. After careful investigation by the abbot and monks, they found that the goat was particularly excited because it had eaten the red fruit on the bushes, so he picked it back and boiled it into soup to drink, and sure enough, he could not sleep all night. As a result, the dean assigned this kind of field to monks who dozed off in the evening service, and the effect was very good, so this refreshing medicine was spread. This is the predecessor of coffee.

Another kind of rumor of Arab monks is that in 1587, a Muslim Abdarkadi wrote a book on the Origin of Coffee, which recorded that in the mountains of Yemen in the 13th century, a patriarch named Shake Omaru was exiled from Mocha to Osab for sin, when he was hungry, tired and on the verge of death, and there was a bird crowing in a sweet voice he had never heard before. He was pecking at a kind of red fruit, and because he himself was so hungry, he picked all those fruits and boiled them into soup. All of a sudden, I found that the soup made by the fruit was full of charming fragrance. When I finished all the soup, I was relieved of all the fatigue and energetic. As a result, he picked many of these fruits, and those who were sick gave them soup to eat. in the end, because he went around to save people and save the world, the people of his hometown forgave him for his mistakes, let him return to his hometown "Mocha" and respected him as a "saint." Omaru continued to use his magical red beans to help others all his life.

However, due to textual research in recent years, most people support the idea that Ethiopia is the birthplace of coffee. But there is another legend that has been recorded in ancient Arabic documents: it is said that in the early 11th century, coffee beans were dried and fried as medicine in the Arab region, and at the beginning of the 13th century, because Muslim precepts were strict, alcohol was forbidden. The congregation replaced wine with coffee as an exciting drink. At that time, there was a governor of Mecca named Kelbe, who felt that drinking coffee would lead to the deterioration of discipline, upset the original law, and violated the teachings of Islam. One day, he saw a group of people boiling coffee on the stove, chatting around and not following the rules. He was so angry that he immediately issued a coffee ban. But at that time, the ruler Sudan loved coffee so much that Kelbe angered the Sudan and was dismissed from office, which is the famous "coffee" suppression incident in the history of coffee. Although this is a small episode, it shows that people's evaluation of coffee a long time ago showed a bipolar view.

The efficacy and spread of coffee since its invention, in addition to edible coffee, but also gradually expanded to the scope of medicine, alcohol and beverages. The first person to list the efficacy of coffee in the literature was Daggis, a famous Iraqi doctor (850-922).

Dr. Daggers was not only a famous doctor at that time, but also a philosopher and astronomer. He admitted that coffee had pharmacological effects, and boiled the yellowish-brown substance in wild coffee seeds and named it "Bankam" for patients to take. In the literature, he also left detailed clinical records on the digestion, cardiotonic, and diuretic effects of coffee. It is said that this is one of the most precious early records of the function of coffee.

In addition, with regard to the historical data on the spread of coffee, roughly in 1454, Gemaludin, the saint of Athens, announced the mysterious drink "coffee" at that time. Before that, only religious experts, aristocrats, and celebrities had the opportunity to come into contact with coffee, which instantly became popular throughout the Arabian Peninsula. By 1510, coffee had spread to Egypt, Cairo, and Damascus in 1530. It reached Constantinople, the capital of the Ottoman Empire in 1554 (present-day Istampur). The coffee shop named Carnes in Istampur is the oldest coffee shop in the world.

At this point, the coffee has just reached the dividing point between Europe and Asia.

Coffee sparked a war between men and women in England. In 1650, the first coffee shop in England, the Yakobu Cafe, appeared on Oxford University Street. Two years later, Rosie Cafe opened in London. Although everything is very simple, there is a lot of people coming and going. Bascarosi, a Greek who opened a shop in London, was originally a servant brought back from Turkey by Edward, a businessman. Making coffee for his master was his daily homework, a habit that aroused the curiosity of his host Edward's friends. so Rosie had to serve them with them. Edward saw that his work was too busy, so he asked him to go out and open a shop. Rosie's store is entitled "the benefits of Coffee". Advertisements should be printed and distributed to customers who come to drink coffee. It is said that this flyer is the first coffee advertisement in the world and the ancestor of modern commercial advertising. In his pamphlet, he listed the various benefits of coffee, such as refreshing, treating rheumatic gout, filling stomach perforation, and so on. Although it was nonsense from a modern point of view, many people believed it at that time.

The Rossi Cafe was located in the northwest of the Tower of London, just in the middle of the commercial heartland at that time, as well as near the location of stock market trading and financial trading, so business people regarded drinking coffee as a fashion. At that time, British business was at its peak, and people who had no access to formal trading venues used the Rossi Cafe as a gathering place. As a lot of information can be obtained here that is not available from the exchange, the store gradually presents the scene of the second exchange, with noisy people and very lively people. As a result, coffee shops modelled on Rosie Cafe have emerged one after another. By the 1660s or so, there were about 3000 coffee shops in London.

The coffee shop in London is not only a clearinghouse for economic intelligence, but also a place for citizens to talk about everything, from political topics to academic discussions, from astronomy to geography. Therefore, there is the title of "cheap comprehensive university": as long as you pay a penny, you can read all kinds of newspapers and magazines in the store, and exchange experiences and participate in all kinds of discussions. At the same time, you can taste mellow and delicious coffee. So coffee set off a wave in London at that time. At that time, there was another strange rule in London cafes, which was "no ladies allowed"-perhaps Bascarosi was a Turkish Muslim. Therefore, in 1674, the housewives filed a petition to the mayor, pointing out that their husbands' energy was diminished by drinking coffee, which led to problems in their relationship. Of course, the men objected, saying that this was "women can't drink coffee" and "dissatisfied with their drinking coffee", so they spread this false slander. The case went nowhere, but it left an interesting story in the history of British coffee.

Parisians drink coffee elegant taste coffee all over the world, perhaps the most popular is France.

Coffee was first brought to the French capital Paris in 1669, when the Turkish ambassador to France, Solomon aka, offered orthodox Turkish coffee to French king Louis XIV. It is said that the aristocrats and ladies sitting in the court of Versailles were completely confused by the mellow, full-bodied, and sweet drink. By the time of Louis XV, coffee had become a symbol of high society. At that time, it was very popular for the upper class to build reception rooms (similar to salons). This was also due to the prevalence of drinking coffee, giving the host and guest a place to drink coffee. In short, in the upper class, coffee parties are held in different reception rooms (salons) every day, and gorgeous ladies dress up to say goodbye to each other. In the elegant and intellectual atmosphere of the reception room, the new literature, art and philosophy of rococo style and liberalism were born one after another.

Coffee not only confused the high society of Paris, but also swept the streets of Paris in a short time.

The first person to open a coffee shop in Paris was an Armenian named Paschal. He saw that coffee sold on St. Germain's Day was so popular that he opened a small coffee shop in 1672. Soon after, a coffee shop called Procob Coffee appeared, which is said to be the beginning of a new era of Paris culture.

Italian coffee, the source of literary inspiration, Italy, is the "first stop" for coffee to land in Europe. In 1720, Venice opened a coffee shop in front of St. Mark's Square, named Florian Coffee, the oldest coffee shop in existence. In the novel of the 19th century writer Heng Jeames, it was described like this: "spend the night on the water tonight!" How beautiful the moonlight in Venice is! Otherwise, go to the square in front of St. Mark's Monastery, sit in the Florian Cafe and order an ice cream, listen to music and gossip with old friends! " From this we can see how famous the Florian Cafe is.

In 1689, Francois Procob, a Sicilian from Italy, opened a coffee shop on the Rue Saint-Germain in Paris, a street called Lanceno Meridian. Because of its proximity to the French National Theatre, the cafe was initially attended by theaters, and later became a salon for contemporary writers, thinkers and politicians. Montessori in the 18th century and Balzac in the 19th century, for example, were guests in this coffee shop; the tables used by Voltaire are still preserved. After entering the 20th century, painters such as Toulus and Fujita also linger here to capture inspiration and give birth to their proud immortal masterpieces.

In addition, the Glock Cafe in Rome, like the Florian Cafe, is also a haunted place for many artists, writers, and great writers. For example, Goethe, the great writer, visited Italy at the age of 37 and stayed here for two years. This experience had a great impact on his future literary works.

Other composers, such as Hans Christian Andersen and Liszt, who wrote an impromptu poet on the theme of Italy, are also very fond of the Glock Cafe, where many great works are inspired.

From the above, we can know the history of coffee. With the evolution of human civilization, coffee culture has been integrated into the customs of different countries, and has changed with different customs. People in different countries have different customs and customs, but it is obvious that they all embellish coffee in social activities and interpret coffee into another social culture.

Coffee in China, competing with tea in the far east, was originally dominated by tea. Coffee landed in China with the arrival of missionaries and businessmen from the Netherlands, Spain and other countries at the end of the Ming Dynasty at the latest. At one point, Dutch businessmen even tried to plant coffee trees in Taiwan. It's just that it didn't spread widely or widely in China at that time, so there was no information to blame.

Until the five ports of trade after the Opium War, European and American missionaries and businessmen came from the East, Western food and coffee spread inland from the coast with the unequal treaties and the expansion of the power of Westerners. Especially after the service of the allied forces of the eight powers, the Chinese people had a mentality of worshiping foreigners and fawning on foreigners, so there was a great atmosphere of eating western food and drinking coffee. Under the article "Qing paspalum banknote Western Food" by Xu Ke: "Chinese people eat western-style food, one is western food, one is vegetable, and the other is large dish. The mat is equipped with a knife, fork and ladle. Guangxu Dynasty, the city already has it. At the time of Xuantong, it was particularly popular. "

At that time, there were no cafes specially set up for drinking coffee, but they were usually sold in western restaurants. The first recipe to record coffee was in the first year of Xuantong of the Qing Dynasty. Shanghai American Christian Church Publishing House published a book on making foreign rice, whose translation is different from what it is now. Coffee is "getting fat."

After the Republic of China, coffee has become an indispensable drink in upper-class society, and drinking coffee has become a symbol of status and status, but it is not very common among the general public. In 1949, for quite a long time, the atmosphere of drinking coffee was greatly reduced due to international embargoes and restrictions on the level of consumption. It was not until after the reform and opening up that the atmosphere of drinking coffee began to spread gradually in coastal cities.

Coffee develops zigzag in Japan Coffee in Japan is also brought by missionaries and businessmen. When coffee was first introduced into Japan, Japanese society could not accept it at all, resulting in a strong rejection reaction. At the beginning, in the sixteenth year of Emperor Hiroyong (1630), Japan issued a "locking order", which only allowed trade with the Netherlands and China, so it was said in the history of Japanese coffee: "the coffee that first landed in Japan was in the Dutch store off the island of Nagasaki." It is not without reason. So people who had contact with Dutch shops at that time, such as businessmen, officials, interpreters, prostitutes, etc., could get coffee through this channel. But the real origin of coffee entering Japanese society is: when the Meiji emperor of Japan began to accept Western culture and his attitude became positive, Japanese society also set up a fashion of learning from foreigners in Nagasaki, Kobe, Yokohama and other places. "Guildhalls" have been set up to receive foreigners and envoys, so Japan's senior officials and tycoons of wealthy businessmen are honored to enjoy "foreign food" Coffee naturally entered the upper class of Japan and became a "high-end drink" at that time.

In 1883, in order to cater to Western dignitaries, Japan specially built a resplendent luxury hotel-Lu Ming Hall. From then on, the banquets of Westerners and Japanese upper-class society were held day and night, and everything here was in accordance with the western model. From the menu preserved in the literature at that time, we can see that the beginning of the appetizer, the first wine, and the end of the coffee are almost exactly the same as the European court Chinese banquet and the "French full meal."

As a result, in the Japanese literary world, there is also the praise of coffee. Yoshihiko Terada, a famous physicist and writer, once wrote in the Preface to the philosophy of Coffee: "doctors mix medicinal milk with a small amount of coffee. After drinking its fragrance, it makes people intoxicated." full of exotic longing and childish heart, the fragrance of the West, like wind-like tenderness, floated from the unknown ocean.

The basic culture of Japan and the culture introduced from the West have also had a considerable impact among the people. In 1891, a popular folk song called "Black and White Festival" satirized all kinds of worlds, including a paragraph that read: "quietly sticking out a western nose, not drinking Japanese wine, but asking for beer brandy-drinking coffee with the Zhuangsu expression of the tea ceremony." that's funny! "

Although it is a kind of irony, it is also understood that in Japan, as in the West, cafes have become a "medium of cultural exchange," and have gradually become a gathering place for scholars and celebrities, and various coffee salons have sprung up like bamboo shoots after a spring rain. It has also turned coffee into a popular drink in Japan.

In World War II, coffee was once regarded as an "enemy drink" and ordered to stop the import of coffee, making it disappear in Japan. In the 25 year of Showa after the war, Coffee returned to Japan as an "emissary of peace." In the 35 year of Showa, Japan began to produce instant coffee. The following year, imports were liberalized, and coffee sipping became more and more popular in Japan.

The biggest change in coffee culture was that in the 44 year of Showa, Shangdao coffee extracted coffee liquid from non-instant coffee and developed a formal "canned coffee" to make coffee more popular.

A kind of coffee, a variety of cultures in short, if we talk about the impact of coffee on culture, we can not do without the cultural differences of various countries, as well as the differences in the evolution of civilization and customs of different countries. Coffee is just a medium that melts into life and shows its charm and elegant demeanor.

People who like coffee will also have differences in cognitive attitudes because of their personal style, preferences, and texture. However, people in the coffee industry not only devote themselves to the needs of guests, but also give full play to the charm and amorous feelings of color, aroma and taste in the texture and taste of coffee, but also need to constantly enrich the knowledge of coffee in order to have a kind of pious heart. to create and develop a new world of coffee.

Coffee gradually into the family, its mellow aroma, enhance the mood of life and taste of life, if you can learn more about the selection of beans, characteristics and changes of coffee, you can make your coffee world more colorful and interesting.

For people in Western and Northern Europe, their preference for coffee is light and round; coffee beans are roasted brown rather than black. Coffee in this area originated in the court of Louis XIV, so the cafe here is full of cultural, artistic and historical atmosphere, and has attracted countless writers, musicians and philosophers to linger in the cafes here. Nowadays, people here often order a cup of coffee in cafes or open-air cafes, discuss current affairs and art leisurely with three or five friends, or enjoy the street view alone. So drinking coffee is a kind of leisure for them. But for the French, drinking coffee is not only a kind of leisure, but also French milk coffee is indispensable or lacking in their breakfast. When people drink, they are used to holding cups in both hands and warming their palms with the heat of coffee to drive away the chill in the morning.