The History of Coffee introduction and expansion in China in the early stage (5)

1. The first peak period of the development of coffee planting industry in China (1952-1961)

By the end of the 1940s, according to recorded figures, there were 2173.33 hectares of rubber plantations on Hainan Island, with a total of 867600 rubber trees, with an annual output of 199,000 tons of dry rubber, more than 300,000 coffee plants and an annual output of 1 ton of coffee beans. According to a survey in the early 1950s, a large number of coffee was left in Fushan area of Chengmai County, with a total of 70,000 plants, including more than 40,000 plants in Daji Village and more than 10,000 plants in Fushan Farm (Hongguang Farm). According to a survey in 1954, there were more than 290000 "2" plants on the island. Coffee was introduced into Leizhou Peninsula around 1949. Chen Jingyao, an old returned overseas Chinese from Xuwen County, brought back some small Arabic seeds from Malaya, raised seedlings and planted them in Keng Tsai Village.

When the people's Republic of China was founded, there were all kinds of waste waiting for prosperity. This country, which has just emerged from the semi-feudal and semi-colonial state and successive years of war, has entered a comprehensive social transformation: economy, politics, culture, ideas, and mode of production have all changed, developed and innovated with the founding of the people's Republic of China. The positive, scientific and progressive things grow up in the confrontation with the negative, ignorant and backward things. In order to consolidate the new regime, enhance the people's sense of identity with the new democratic politics, and accelerate the completion of social change, the first generation of central collective leadership represented by Mao Zedong is leading the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country to strive to restore the national economy. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the cause of land reclamation in Guangdong is a brand-new cause developed by state investment and reclamation, construction and management on state-owned land. Party and state leaders are very concerned about the cause of land reclamation. Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu de, Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, Dong Biwu, Chen Yi, Liu Bocheng, Ye Jianying, Deng Zihui, Guo Moruo and Wang Zhen have visited the reclamation area and are concerned about the development of the coffee industry. In 1952, Taiyang River Coffee Factory, the first coffee monopoly manufacturer in New China, was established at the overseas Chinese Farm in Xinglong Town, Wanning County, Hainan Province.

The development of coffee planting in Guangdong land reclamation began in 1954. Based on the original coffee tree, carefully select seeds for reproduction. In 1955, 127.47 hectares of coffee were planted in the state-owned reclamation farms in Hainan reclamation area. In 1956, the South China Reclamation Bureau applied to the state for foreign exchange and imported a total of 581.6 kilograms of coffee seeds from Indonesia and Malaya. The seeds were distributed to Hainan Reclamation Bureau, Western Guangdong Reclamation Bureau, Hepu Office, Yantang Reclamation Farm, South China Subtropical crop Science Research Institute and county demonstration farms. In the four years from 1956 to 1959, a total of 1426.67 hectares of coffee were planted. There are 55 farms (stations) for growing coffee (including trial planting), including 33 farms (stations) in Hainan Reclamation area, with 906.67 hectares of coffee growing, and 22 farms (stations) in western Guangdong Province, planting (including trial planting) coffee 520 hectares. A total of 53.7 tons of dry coffee beans were produced in these four years. This is the first exuberant period for the development of coffee farming in Guangdong.

In order to meet the needs of Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union in the 1950s, Yunnan Province promoted the development of Lujiangba coffee in Baoshan City, making Lujiangba the first small seed coffee production base in the country. At present (1994), this batch of original species is still the leading variety of small seed coffee in Yunnan, with an area of 2666.67 hectares, of course, its original mother plant no longer exists. However, judging from the current situation of planting in the field, the variety structure of Tiebi accounted for 83.6%, and the wave band accounted for 16.4%. At present, this batch of original seeds not only provide the demand for planting in the province, but also provide planting in Hainan, Guangdong and other places, but also continue to provide corresponding cultivation technical data. In this way, Lujiangba in Baoshan City has become the scientific research center and birthplace of small seed coffee in China, which has played a positive role in coffee production.

Full record of early trial and expansion of Yunnan Agricultural Coffee (1955-1980)

Serial number

Unit

Trial planting age

Trial planting area (ha)

Planting age

Planting area (ha)

Harvest time

Output (tons)

Remarks

1

Dehong Branch Test Station

1956

8.2

1961

458.6

1961

34.6

2

State-owned Lujiang Farm

1955

Unknown

1959

100

1984

454.6

The yield per hectare is 2854.05 kg.

3

State-owned New Town Youth Farm

1956

0.97

1957

15.4

1960-

1985

307.33

The yield per hectare is 5692.5 kg.

4

State-owned Shuangjiang Farm

1956

10.47

1956

10.47

Unknown

Unknown

All replanted in 1975

five

State-run Chaofang farm

1956

53.33

1961

eighty-four

1985

1.52

The production area is 13.73 hectares.

six

State-owned Hekou Farm

1955

0.51

1985

4.47

0.43

seven

State-owned Jinghong Farm

1958

Unknown

1979

246.67

Unknown

eight

State-run olive dam farm

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

nine

State-owned Kumachi Farm

-

-

1960

Unknown

-

-

ten

State-run Meng Provincial Farm

-

-

1959-1961

186.67

-

-

All scrapped in 1963

eleven

State-owned Tianbao farm

-

-

1959

84.93

Unknown

-

All scrapped in 1963

twelve

State-owned Babu Farm

1960

13.33

1980

2.28

1982-1985

67.28

thirteen

State-run health farm

1958

three hundred and twenty

1962

85.6

Unknown

-

All scrapped in 1961

fourteen

State-owned Simao Farm

-

-

1968

Unknown

-

-

fifteen

State-run Menglian Farm

1962

two

1985

two

sixteen

State-owned farming farm

-

-

1958

239.6

1961

1.94

Harvest area 22.67 hectares

seventeen

State-run Mengding Farm

-

-

1959

10.4

1985

47.69

Harvest area of 85.87 hectares

Yunnan Province began to develop coffee production in the mid-1950s, mainly planted in Shuangjiang Farm and Dehong Sub-Bureau Experimental Station in Lincang area, covering an area of 18.67 hectares, and also planted in small areas such as Chaofang, Hekou, Lujiang, Jinghong and Olive Dam. Because the local environment is suitable for coffee growth, since 1957, the farms have developed in a large area, and the first and most wonderful part in the history of Yunnan agricultural reclamation coffee planting has appeared. In 1960, the planting area of the whole reclamation area reached 2186.67 hectares, accounting for about 60% of the planting area of the province and about 4 "5" of the national cultivated area.

During the first peak period from 1952 to 1961, the coffee planting area in China was mainly in Hainan Island and Yunnan Province, with a total area of 5066.67 hectares, of which Hainan Island was 1426.67 hectares (cultivated variety is Robesta). Yunnan is 3644 hectares, of which 2186.67 hectares are cultivated in Yunnan, accounting for about 60%. The rural area of the province is 1457.33 hectares, accounting for about 40% (the cultivated variety is Arabika).

two。 Coffee in China experienced a low period of national macro-adjustment (1962-1980).

In August 1960, the CPC Central Committee put forward the eight-character policy of "readjusting, consolidating, enriching, and improving" and once again stressed the need to shorten the capital construction front. It was only after the 7,000-member meeting was held in early 1962 that the Central Committee gradually agreed. In April 1962, after the Central Financial and Economic Group approved and forwarded the report on discussing the 1962 Adjustment Plan by the Central Financial and Economic Group, it was only after the Central Committee of the CPC Central Committee approved and transferred the report on the 1962 Adjustment Plan that the problem that the infrastructure front had been too long for many years was seriously solved.

In the early 1960s, coffee was unsalable in the international market. Guangdong Land Reclamation carried out the management policy of "taking grain as the key link" and solved the problem of "grain self-sufficiency", and stopped developing coffee since 1962. Most of the original coffee plantations are in a state of desolation, with serious diseases and insect pests. All coffee gardens in the western Guangdong reclamation area were naturally eliminated, while a small part of the coffee plantations in Hainan reclamation area were preserved, and only 153.33 hectares were preserved in 1974.

From the official data of Yunnan agricultural reclamation, during the low period of coffee industry in China due to the national macro-adjustment, the author made memo statistics on the farms with more than 66.67 hectares of coffee: for example, the coffee grown in Yunnan Lujiang Farm was successfully introduced in 1955 and has developed greatly year by year, reaching 100 hectares in 1959. In the 1960s, due to market and price reasons, the farm cut coffee heavily, but in 1978 it retained only 20.33 hectares, which was already the most concentrated and largest small-grain coffee growing area in the country at that time.

The state-run farm planted 239.6 hectares in 1958 and was infected with rust in 1960. In 1961, the harvest area was only 22.67 hectares, with a total output of 1.94 tons of coffee beans and a yield of 577.5 kilograms per hectare. In the future, all of them will be scrapped except for the 0.67 hectares of experimental land of the second team.

Shuangjiang Farm of Lincang District Land Reclamation Bureau took the lead in planting 10.47 hectares of coffee in 1956. In 1959, various farms were planted one after another. By 1961, the total area reached 240 hectares, and some of them began to be put into production. In the spring of 1962, the Winter Solstice, in the spring of 1963, the reclamation area suffered a rare frost. The coffee on the farm in Meng province was reduced from 95.67 hectares to 9.4 hectares, with a loss of 92%, and the Mengsa farm was reduced from 73.67 hectares to 40 hectares. By 1970, there were only 2 hectares left in the whole reclamation area, and the original species area was almost completely scrapped.

186.67 hectares of coffee was planted on the state-run farm in Meng Province from 1959 to 1961. After it was put into production, it was scrapped in 1963 due to severe cold injury.

From 1959 to 1964, the maximum planting area of coffee in Wenshan Reclamation area of Wenshan Prefecture Land Reclamation Bureau reached 508.27 hectares, with a total production of 3.74 tons of coffee beans. Later, due to the hindrance of export, he was forced to change production.

After Yunnan's land reclamation in 1961, due to the restriction of product sales, a large number of unproduced coffee trees were destroyed. by 1970, only two farms in Lujiang and Xincheng had left 37.07 hectares. Although it has recovered somewhat since then, by 1980, the planting area of the whole reclamation area was only 78.53 hectares.

To sum up, China's coffee industry in the national macro-adjustment of China's coffee industry in the low period, the national coffee planting industry has seriously shrunk and entered the lowest period. There are four main reasons: (1) the continuous deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations and the closed-door policy and imperialist blockade at that time; (2) national macroeconomic adjustment, the focus of national agriculture is to solve the food problem related to the food and clothing of the people. (2) especially during the ten-year turbulent Cultural Revolution, the consumption of coffee was also regarded as an asset-price lifestyle, with limited sales in the domestic market, falling prices and setbacks in exports; (4) serious diseases and insect pests in coffee planting areas. seed expansion and yield are restricted.

3. Chinese coffee ushered in a recovery period with the country's reform and opening up (1981-1989).

From December 18 to 22, 1978, the third plenary session of Communist Party of China's 11th Central Committee was held in Beijing. The main achievements of this conference are: re-establishing the party's Marxist ideological line. The plenum resolutely criticized the erroneous policy of the "two whatevers", spoke highly of the discussion on the standard of truth, and established the guiding principle of emancipating the mind, using the brain, seeking truth from facts, and uniting to look forward. Re-established the Marxist political line. The plenum resolutely stopped using the slogans of "taking class struggle as the key link" and "continuing revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" and made a strategic decision to shift the focus of work to the socialist modernization drive.

In 1980, four ministries and one agency held the first national coffee conference in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province.

In 1980, nearly 20 years later, as the second main industry in Yunnan reclamation area, coffee began to develop again. Coffee mainly planted small seeds, including Bobang and Tibika. The eight-step farm first planted 8.73 hectares. Since 1981, natural protection and health have been planted in the upper limit of the glue planting area, and by 1985, the cumulative area has reached 225.8 hectares. Coffee was put into production in 1982 and produced 5.08 tons of dried beans, rising to 38.7 tons in 1985. A total of 108.82 tons of coffee beans were produced, of which 105.08 tons were produced in the later period. Babu Farm is a coffee-based farm. By 1985, the area had grown to 71.47 hectares. From 1982 to 1985, a total of 67.28 tons of coffee beans were produced, accounting for 64.0% of the total output of the whole branch. The factory has a simple processing plant for handling 50 tons of fresh fruit a day.

In the late 1980s, with the assistance of the United Nations Development Program in Yunnan and the participation of Nestle, Maize and other specialized coffee production groups, the price of coffee increased, up to 30 yuan per kilogram, and by the end of 1988, the area of the province recovered to more than 1333.33 hectares. Among them, Lujiang Dam in Baoshan City has more than 6.6667 million hectares, with a total output of about 500tons, but it has not yet reached the highest level in history.

In 1986, the Ministry of Commerce and Trade, together with the Haikou Municipal Government, borrowed 50 million yuan from the bank to build Haikou Lishen instant coffee factory, and introduced China's first instant coffee production line from abroad. The installation and commissioning began in the second half of 1987 and was put into production in 1988, and the product quality reached the international advanced standards. it is a successful case of China's coffee taking the lead in introducing, digesting and absorbing advanced equipment.

From 1980 to 1987, Guangdong cultivated a total of 3620 hectares of coffee, of which Hainan Agricultural Reclamation Bureau planted 1886.67 hectares, Tongshi Agricultural Reclamation Bureau planted 1300 hectares, and Western Guangdong Agricultural Reclamation Bureau planted 433.33 hectares.

4. The peak period of the comprehensive development of coffee industrialization in China (1990-2008)

In 1992, Yunnan Coffee Factory was established. It is a coffee cooperation project between the Chinese government and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The total assets of the enterprise are 23 million yuan, which belongs to Yunnan Land Reclamation Group. The company moved to Kunming National Economic and technological Development Zone in 2004 and now covers a total area of 15751 square meters and a construction area of 4200 square meters. Main buildings: workshop 1248 square meters, warehouse 1774 square meters, office building 866 square meters. The process equipment of the factory: a full set of automatic rotary flow sliding bed coffee roasting production line imported from NEUHAUS company of Germany, vacuum integral coffee powder automatic packaging machine of OPEM company of Italy and one-way valve fresh-keeping automatic packaging machine of roasted coffee beans of ICA company, realizing fully closed automatic production. With an annual production capacity of 1000 tons, it is the largest and most complete professional manufacturer of roasted coffee in China.

From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, with the economic policy of opening to the outside world, invigorating the domestic economy, and earning foreign exchange through exports, Yunnan coffee continued to enter the international market and was welcomed by consumers because of its good quality. it has become the main crop for earning foreign exchange in Yunnan. At the same time, this development situation has promoted the development of coffee planting industry in Simao and other states. The total area of Yunnan province has reached 4666.67 hectares and the output has reached about 800t, which is steadily increasing and showing an upward trend year by year, which has begun the third upsurge of coffee planting industry in Yunnan.

In April 1997, Hongtian Group, Dehong Prefecture, Yunnan Province, was established, mainly engaged in coffee and rubber trade. After years of development, it has become the largest integrated enterprise of coffee cultivation, processing and deep processing in China. Hongtian Group was named as one of the 13 "advanced private enterprises" in Yunnan Province in 2001, and has been continuously rated as the key leading enterprise of agricultural industrialization by nine ministries and commissions since 2002. Hongtian Group is the only national key leading enterprise in the coffee industry. Hongtian Group's "Hougu" trademark has been named as a famous trademark in Yunnan Province.

In 1998, the "opinions of the people's Government of Yunnan Province on speeding up the development of coffee industry" was issued, and the coffee industry finally ushered in the development opportunity. "since 1998, 140 million yuan will have to be injected every year. In order to ensure the smooth implementation according to the plan, on the premise of persisting in the input of enterprises and farmers, the provincial government decided to raise funds from the aspects of financial funds for supporting agriculture, funds for capital construction of water conservancy, special loans for the development of biological resources, funds for comprehensive agricultural development, special loans for the development of tropical areas of the province, special loans for foreign trade and export commodities, poverty alleviation funds and so on. Speed up the development of coffee industry. As a result, the comprehensive development of coffee industrialization in China has reached its peak as a historical milestone.

Established in 1999, Hump Coffee Manor Co., Ltd. is a private enterprise specializing in the cultivation, processing, baking and sales of high-quality alpine organic coffee in Yunnan Province. The coffee plantation invested 19.7 million yuan by Baoshan Camel Coffee Manor Co., Ltd. is located in Nujiang Grand Canyon and Gaoligong Mountain in Baoshan, Yunnan Province. 266.67 hectares of pure "Arabica" alpine coffee varieties are planted in the coffee garden, with an average elevation of 1300 meters above sea level.

In 2007, Hongtian Group successfully introduced Yunnan Industrial Investment Management Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Yunnan Industrial Investment holding Group, and the two sides jointly established Dehong Hougu Coffee Co., Ltd., as a platform for both sides to develop coffee industry. It was registered and established in Dehong Prefecture Administration for Industry and Commerce in December 2007, with a registered capital of 150 million yuan. The company has more than 700 employees, including more than 400 coffee technicians. By 2008, the company has developed a total of 6666.67 hectares of coffee, including 4200 hectares of its own base, driving farmers to develop 2466.67 hectares and nearly 30, 000 households. The company has built a new production line of 3000 tons of instant coffee powder, which has been fully put into production in September 2008.

The tropical crop development plan formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture has listed Yunnan as a priority for the development of coffee.

In the region, the Yunnan provincial government has repeatedly put forward opinions and measures to speed up the development of the coffee industry. Through years of efforts, the coffee industry in Yunnan has developed rapidly, and the scale of the industry is constantly expanding. It has become a characteristic industry with unique advantages, and it is a new industry for farmers living in tropical mountain areas to shake off poverty and become rich. With the concern and support of party committees, governments and relevant departments at all levels, the coffee industry in Yunnan has developed rapidly and healthily, and achieved remarkable results.

In 2007, the coffee planting area of the province reached 20400 hectares and was put into production of 19000 hectares.

The annual output of coffee beans is 29000 tons, with an average yield of more than 1500 kg / ha, ranking the advanced level in the world. At present, the planting area and output of coffee in Yunnan account for more than 97% of the country's total coffee area and total output. Compared with 1990, the province's planting area has increased by 5 times, and the output has increased by 27 times.

From the Association of leading Enterprises of Agricultural industrialization and Agricultural products processing of Yunnan Province in 2009

The information release on August 3rd said: our province has a unique natural environment suitable for the growth of small-grain coffee, excellent quality, and has been rated as a first-class product by the International Coffee Organization (ICO) and has a good international market at home and abroad. Foreign and domestic famous coffee enterprises are optimistic about Yunnan small seed coffee, which provides a good opportunity to speed up the development of Yunnan small seed coffee industry. In 2008, the planting area of all kinds of coffee in the province reached 21333.33 hectares, with an annual output of 30, 000 tons, ranking first in the country in planting area and output, with an output value of 600 million yuan, which has become a new bright spot for farmers in hot areas to increase their income. Advantageous regional layout: focus on the 16 counties and cities most suitable for small-grain coffee cultivation, such as Ninger, Simao, Lancang, Luxi, Jinggu, Mojiang and other basins of the Lancang River, Honghe River and Nujiang River, while laying out corresponding rough processing plants to set up a coffee finishing center in Kunming.

Development goal and main direction: in 2012, the planting area of coffee has increased to 22666.67 hectares, the annual output of dried beans has reached 36000 tons, and 10 leading enterprises have been cultivated, of which 2 have been developed into leading enterprises with an output value of 200 million yuan, and the output value of the coffee industry has reached 1.5 billion yuan. Mainly to consolidate the existing coffee planting area, focusing on supporting leading coffee processing enterprises, mainly facing Europe and neighboring countries, striving to create well-known brands and finishing brands of Yunnan coffee beans, to improve the popularity of Yunnan small-grain coffee and the country's share in the international market.

In 2020, the planting area of coffee will be stabilized at 26666.67 hectares, with an annual output of 45000 tons, and the two leading enterprises will be developed into leading enterprises with an output value of 500 million yuan, and the output value of the coffee industry will reach more than 2.5 billion yuan.

Thus it can be seen that the coffee industry in Yunnan Province not only accounts for more than 95% of the country's coffee planting area and output, but also ranks first in the country in terms of coffee export volume and foreign exchange volume, and the scale of instant coffee production. On March 5, 2007, "Coffee planting Technology in Yunnan" was broadcast on the seventh agricultural program "Science and Technology Park" on China Central Television (CCTV). This is another program to promote Yunnan coffee after the last issue of "Caiyun South Coffee" was broadcast on CCTV 7.

During this period, the coffee planting industry in Hainan Island has declined year by year due to many reasons, which can be said to have plummeted. By the end of 2008, there were only nearly 333.33 hectares on the island, and the main planting area was still in Fushan Town, Chengmai County. However, the popular tourism industry on Hainan Island has greatly promoted the tourism purchase property in Hainan. Dozens of enterprises in the industrial and commercial circles in Hainan, such as Pinxiangyuan, Yiran, Nanguo, Chunguang, Xiangsheng, and so on, are determined to develop a series of coffee products, and strongly expand Hainan and even the national market. Hainan Xinglong Coffee, Fushan Coffee, Instant Coffee, Coconut Milk Coffee and Coffee extract swept the national market. Hainan Island has shifted from a single development of coffee planting industry to focusing on the deep processing of coffee and the development of three-in-one coffee market, and has become a main force that can not be ignored in domestic coffee marketing.

5. Agricultural research institutes promote Chinese coffee

At this point, the author's mood is agitated and dignified. Today, when Chinese coffee, especially Yunnan small-grain coffee, has developed to large-scale industrialization through the persistent cultivation of several generations of Chinese mainland and after several ups and downs, it is not easy to be rated as a first-class product by the International Coffee Organization (ICO). The author believes that the rapid rise of Yunnan small-grain coffee in Chinese mainland is inseparable from the outstanding efforts of researchers in China's agricultural research institutes. There is no doubt that technology has boosted the development of coffee in China.

In the early 1980s, there were many diseases and insect pests in Yunnan coffee planting area, among which rust, longicorn beetles and root pink scale were the most harmful, which greatly restricted the development of Yunnan small-grain coffee. In fact, Yunnan small-grain coffee is a variety of coffee cultivated in Yunnan plateau under the specific geographical and climatic environment, which is a mixture of two classic high-quality coffee varieties Typica and Bourbon in Arabica. In 1991, a series of Catimor varieties were introduced from Kenya. Because of their similar morphology and habits, the two varieties were cultivated in Yunnan. All belong to the variety of Arabian species (also known as small seed species).

From 1967 to 1968, Yunnan Dehong Institute of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (Dehong Institute) introduced rust resistant small seed coffee S288 from India for trial planting, and twice introduced 37 rust resistant coffee varieties S795 and S288 from Dehong Prefecture Agricultural Science Institute, which were preserved in the orchard. The new round of development of coffee equipped with anti-rust coffee varieties is the top priority. Scientific and technological workers place hopes on S288 coffee. Through 18 years of preservation and experimental observation, it has been proved that this variety is an ideal rust-resistant variety.

In October 1985, the test station of Dehong Sub-Bureau was presided over by the Science Office of Dehong Agricultural Reclamation Sub-Bureau. Experts from the Land Reclamation Design Institute, Banna Sub-Bureau, Dehong Prefecture Science and Technology Commission and other units were invited to the meeting to check and identify the scientific research results of the introduction and trial of rust-resistant coffee S288. The experts at the meeting all thought that this variety was a rare rust-resistant variety, and highly appraised the preservation of this variety during the difficult period of the Cultural Revolution. It has unanimously passed the acceptance appraisal of scientific research achievements. It is suggested that it should be vigorously promoted in hot and humid areas, and begin to be popularized and applied in the state and provinces. The seeds were introduced to South China, Xishuangbanna, Simao, Lincang, Honghe, Wenshan and other places for cultivation. The popularized planting area has reached 21333.33 hectares. "introduction, trial and Popularization of antirust Coffee S288" won the second prize for scientific and technological progress in Dehong Prefecture in 1985. However, because this variety is a rust-resistant variety of coffee selected in India in the 1930s, in addition to rust resistance, the yield and other agronomic characters have lagged behind and can not meet the needs of production.

Yu Hao, a former senior agronomist of Dehong Prefecture Agricultural Science Institute in Yunnan Province, was transferred from the Plant Protection Institute of South China Tropical crop Research Institute in the 1950s to carry out coffee rust research. He is an expert in coffee rust research in China. After he was transferred back to his original unit in 1985, he went to Dehong, Yunnan Province to conduct a coffee survey again in 1986. Jiang Ping of Lujiang Farm in Baoshan accompanied him to the unit to hold an academic report on coffee. Yu Hao expounded that the size of coffee fruit is a characteristic of coffee plant physiology on the issue of coffee high yield. Jiang Ping discussed how to control the occurrence of coffee in terms of horticultural measures. Technician Duan Baoting accompanied two experts to inspect the coffee garden in Lujiangba. After Yu Hao was transferred back to work at the South China Tropical crop Research Institute, he still studied coffee rust.

Yu Hao worked in Dehong for many years and understood that Dehong had good conditions for growing coffee, but the problem of rust restricted the development of coffee. According to the results of his research on coffee rust in Dehong, the higher the yield, the more serious the coffee rust, and no matter how much Bordeaux solution is sprayed. So after he returned to Hainan, with the help of the favorable conditions of the Tropical crop Research Institute and domestic and foreign scientific research institutions, he got in touch with the Portuguese Coffee Rust Research Center (hereinafter referred to as CIFC). In 1988, he obtained a series of rust-resistant coffee varieties such as Katim CIFC7960 (F6), CIFC7961 (F6), CIFC7962 (F6) and CIFC7963 (F6) from Dr. Carlos, director of CIFC, and sent CIFC7963 (F6) coffee with good comprehensive characters to our institute and Jiang Ping of Lujiang Farm in Baoshan. In May 1988, the 21 grams (102 seeds) sent by the institute were sown and raised seedlings in the same year, and 50 seedlings were obtained. In June 1989, they were planted on the roadside flat ground of the experimental team, with a planting distance of 1.5 × 2 meters. Thirty-nine plants were preserved in 1992, and the rust resistance and adaptability were observed. The first generation seeds were introduced to Ruili Farm in hot and humid areas, Zhaofang Farm Experimental Station, Zhaofang Farm fourth Farm, Xiang Gongtang Township in Luxi City and Longjiang River Valley in Longchuan County. Field rust inoculation experiments have been done many times, and rust spores have been artificially inoculated. However, most of the inoculation sites only produce macula, but do not produce rust spores and do not spread, with an incidence of 9.5%. The control (Bobang or Tibika) was 49%, showing a subimmune disease-resistant variety. The variety showed strong tree shape, short and compact growth, high rust resistance and high quality. The average yield of dried beans per plant was 0.78 kg, with a maximum of 1.4 kg. In 1993, 0.67 hectares were planted under the rubber forest in the orchard, 1 hectare was planted in the original 1966 Bibi area, 0.33 hectares were planted in Niu Riba and fertilizer experimental areas, and expanded for different site environments. In 1994, it was arranged to plant in Zhaofang and Lujiang New Town Farm. With the efforts of Jiang Ping of Lujiang Farm, 11 seedlings of CIFC7963 (F6) coffee were obtained by sowing and raising seedlings in the same year, and 11 seedlings were planted in Jiangping private land in the same year. In 1991, the Lujiang Farm Experimental Station established 0.17 hectares of experimental plots. By 1993, it had grown to 33.33 hectares for trial planting, and by 1995 it had been popularized and planted 66.67 hectares.

The introduction and trial planting of this variety was summarized and accepted in 1996, and it was popularized and used in production. During the Ninth five-year Plan period, seed 13059.3kg was popularized in Dehong, Baoshan, Wenshan, Simao, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Yuxi, Nujiang and Myanmar, with 200000 seeds and seedlings covering an area of 6 984hm2. After continuous breeding and promotion, the planting area of Katimo CIFC7963 F6 in the province has reached 10 000hm2. It has become the main variety in coffee production. The production of "7" high product line Katimo CIFC7963 F6 coffee has been included in the biological resources innovation project of Yunnan Province. At present, this variety accounts for 80% of the small grain coffee varieties grown in Yunnan.

In 1980, four departments and one agency of the CPC Central Committee held a national coffee work meeting in Baoshan, and coffee production was further developed. The Yunnan Provincial Hot area Development leading Group was established in 1986, headed by Vice Governor Jin Renqing, and carried out a "training course on tropical crop cultivation techniques" at the Tropical and Subtropical Economic crops Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Institute of Thermal Economics). About 40 people from all over the province participated in the training for half a year, mainly coffee.

From 1985 to 1988, Secretary of the Provincial CPC Committee Pu Chaozhu, Governor he Zhiqiang, Vice Governor Jin Renqing, Vice Governor Zhao Tingguang, Vice Chairman of the standing Committee of the National people's Congress Qian Weichang, and responsible persons of the South Asia Office of the State paid great attention to the development of hot areas and coffee production. At this time, the coffee science and technology promotion work of the Institute was mainly in Baoshan, Dehong and Nujiang prefectures. By 1988, the coffee promotion area of the province was 831.7 hectares, with a total harvest area of 224.9 tons.

In 1989, the Swiss Nestle Coffee Company signed a 6666.66 hectare coffee production contract with Simao. Since then, McCoffee in the United States has also entered the Yunnan coffee market, which has greatly promoted the development of Yunnan coffee industry.

From 1992 to 1993, the Institute of Rejing sent seven scientific and technological personnel, including Zhang Xingcan and Huang Jiaxiong, to Gengma County in Lincang District to assist McCoffee Coffee Company in the United States in coffee technical training and guiding production, with more than 40 training personnel; and with Chinese-American Li Hualin, Brazilian expert Eduardo carried out academic exchanges and guided seedling cultivation and other work.

The initial processing of coffee is divided into dry processing, wet processing and semi-wet processing (mechanized peeling and degumming processing). Before 1980, Yunnan coffee processing mostly used dry processing, that is, fresh fruit was dried directly, and then shelled with a rice grinder for coffee rice. or artificial peeling, fermentation, drying and shelling for coffee rice. This method is difficult to dry, poor quality and low work efficiency. In 1979, Yang Zhihua and Li Chao of Rejing Institute invented coffee fresh fruit peeling machine and shelling machine on the basis of rice milling machine, with processing capacity of 250kg / h for fresh fruit and 120kg / h for coffee beans. This technology has been popularized and applied in the province.

With the production of Simao coffee in 1995, due to the limited mechanical processing capacity in China, 255CM vertical peeling machine was introduced from Colombia, which greatly improved the working efficiency, but this technology requires fermentation and consumes a lot of water. For this reason, on the basis of the investigation of Brazil in 1999, Wu Yongkang of the Institute of Heat and Economics introduced a combined machine for coffee peeling and degumming, which does not need fermentation to dry directly. After the introduction of this technology, through cooperation with Kunming Libang Machinery Co., Ltd., we have successfully held two mechanical training courses to train more than 100 talents for the whole province. Wen Zhihua of the Institute of Rejing has played an important role in this technology, taking part in lectures many times and going to the base to guide production. Ecological peeling and degumming machine has the advantages of water saving, stable quality and artificial control, so it has been used in most large coffee gardens.

Fragrance and Beverage Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (hereinafter referred to as fragrant drink Institute) Xinglong Xiang Beverage Institute. Since the 1960s, Xiangyin Institute has introduced and collected high-yield and disease-resistant varieties of domestic coffee from abroad for adaptive planting and disease resistance identification. Mondonovo was introduced from Mexico in 1974 and Cameroon from Cameroon. In 1978, 23 varieties (small seed species) were introduced from Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Mexico and Malaysia respectively. Among them, 4 varieties from Mexico, 1 from Malaysia and 1 from Brazil have good growth, reasonable tree type, strong resistance and high yield, so they are suitable to be popularized in the low altitude areas of Hainan. From 1960 to 1988, eight medium-grain coffee clones were selected by Xiangyin Institute after years of screening and line comparison test, and the cuttings propagation experiment was carried out. After regional planting in Xinglong and Chengmai of Hainan, the high and stable yield of 4 lines with good characters were analyzed by variance analysis. From the primary lineage ratio of 18 clones, 7 clones were selected for intermediate lineage ratio, and 5 varieties were selected to establish a comprehensive high yield test and demonstration base. When it is used to replace the low-yield coffee garden, the yield of dried beans is 2030~3550kg/h tons, and the yield is increased by 4 to 5 times, reaching the world's advanced level of "8".

6. Opening to the outside world and foreign enterprises to enter China's coffee market

Nestle Group, headquartered in Switzerland, is the largest food company in the world. In the early 1980s, Nestl é began talks with the Chinese government to invest in a factory in China and transfer its world-class know-how and rich expertise in nutrition and food processing to China. In 1990, Nestl é opened its first joint venture factory in Chinese mainland, and has since built a number of factories. Nestl é has helped China save a lot of foreign exchange by using local raw materials to produce equally high-quality food locally instead of imported products. Ninety-nine per cent of the products Nestl é sells on Chinese mainland are now made locally.

In the past 20 years, Nestl é's direct investment in Greater China from Switzerland has totaled 7 billion yuan. Nestl é Greater China is headquartered in Beijing and operates 21 factories. among them, 4 are in Shanghai, 3 in Guangdong Province, 4 in Tianjin, 3 in Sichuan Province, 2 in Shandong Province, 1 in Heilongjiang Province, 1 in Jiangsu Province, 1 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and 1 in Beijing area. and one in the Hong Kong Special Administrative region. In 2001, Nestl é established the Shanghai Nestl é R & D Center in Shanghai. In 2006, Nestl é's annual sales in Greater China reached 11.9 billion yuan and paid various taxes of about 1.1 billion yuan.

In 1997, Maxwell changed its name to Maxwell. Maxwell Coffee is the most popular coffee in the United States, and it is also a world-famous delicious coffee. Theodore Roosevelt, then president of the United States, praised "Good to the last drop" after drinking the coffee, which is now a registered trademark of Maxwell products. Maxwell Coffee first entered China in 1985.

The main businesses of Taiwan coffee chain in Chinese mainland are: Starbucks, Real Pot, Shangdao.

Starbucks adopts a regional authorization approach to divide the country into North China, Central China and South China, and form alliances and cooperate with different companies. Starbucks is generally rooted on the ground floor of some bustling commercial buildings or office buildings. After selecting the location of every store in the world, Starbucks asked the franchisee to send the floor plan and surrounding environment of the store to its headquarters in the United States to plan the decoration design, and then send the design drawings back to various places. Starbucks was introduced to the mainland in 1999 by Sun Dawei, who once operated McDonald's and Hardstone in Taiwan.

The reason why the real pot adopts the direct operation + franchise mixed chain mode is that it is "easy to train and provide model stores to franchisees". The real pot describes the ideal franchisee as follows: good moral character and credit, high enthusiasm and dedication to the coffee business. The franchisee needs to provide a shop of 150,200 square meters, and after paying a full fee of 1.2 million yuan, he will become the shopkeeper. Real pot's "hometown" is in Tokyo, Japan, and entered Taiwan in 1992. In Chinese mainland, there are 30 coffee chains, six of which are directly operated.

Shangdao adopts low-cost contract chain. The joining fee of Shangdao Coffee is only 60,000 yuan every four years. Go to the island to help franchisees choose the address of the store, and at the same time provide food and beverage materials, utensils, articles and supporting facilities with the characteristics of the island. Shangdao Coffee was founded by Taiwanese Chen Wenmin. In May 1997, Shangdao Coffee entered the mainland from Taiwan in cooperation with Tangcheng Group.