Coffee introduced into China and Chinese Coffee Culture

At present, the research on these three levels is almost blank, which requires us to work hard. In this paper, I would like to inform you of my research progress. From the perspective of language, the Kangxi Dictionary has neither the word "coffee" nor the word "coffee", let alone the word "coffee". It can be seen that the Chinese people in the early Qing Dynasty did not come into contact with coffee. Whether there is any coffee (beverage) in China in the middle of the Qing Dynasty is still under search. The author carefully examined several kinds of dictionaries, dictionaries and other books from the middle of Qing Dynasty to the end of Qing Dynasty published by Shanghai Ancient Books Publishing House in 1989, and got nothing.

Such as the "popular articles" compiled by Zhai Hao in the reign of Emperor Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, such as "eating fat" and so on. And do not rule out the possibility of being transliterated into other words. However, the official name "Coffee" in Chinese today should be derived from the Japanese word "Jia". Because as mentioned earlier, the Japanese first contact to write down coffee, first open a coffee shop, and write it as "Jia". Since 1894, Japan has invaded China on a large scale. Therefore, it is named "Coffee" in Chinese. As far as I know, the earliest word "coffee" probably appeared in the China Great Dictionary (Zhonghua Book Company, 1915) in the early years of the Republic of China, which also means "coffee, Western drinks, such as tea in China, English COffee". Since then, the word "coffee" was also included in the word "ci Yuan" published in the 1930s, and it was explained in detail and correctly. It can be seen that the word "coffee" entered the Chinese vocabulary and was widely used in the era of the Republic of China.

It seems difficult to determine when and where foreigners come to China to brew and drink their own coffee in China. However, it is now known that during the Jiaqing period before the Opium War, foreigners who came to Guangzhou, the largest trading port in China at that time, had already made and drank their own coffee. Chinese people also feel this kind of eating habit. "there is wine in foreign countries. There is also black wine, which can be consumed after meals. "according to Guangdong Tongzhi, black wine, drinking after meals, and helping digestion, the so-called black wine should refer to coffee. Some similar cocoa are made into chocolate, and can be drunk without coffee as popular.

Individual Chinese began to taste and drink coffee probably during the Tongzhi period. In the fifth year of Tongzhi (1866), Mrs. Gopiti, an American missionary in Shanghai, published a book on making Foreign Rice, which was written for foreigners who came to China to eat western food and train Chinese cooks and cooks. In addition to translating coffee into "fattening", the book also teaches the methods of making and cooking coffee: "roasting and fattening in a fierce fire, shoveling frequently, so as not to scorch it black." Bake well, add a little cream while it is hot, cover it in a covered bottle, and roll it when you want to use it. # here we first talk about roasting and roasting coffee beans. When you want to boil a drink, crush it and cook it immediately. Later, we will talk about how to add water to make coffee and so on. But it doesn't talk about adding sugar. There may be some omissions. Those who are trained by foreigners to cook western food and brew coffee are mostly employed Chinese, and they inevitably do not have a sip of coffee because of their work needs. When foreigners eat western food and drink coffee in China, they sometimes invite Chinese officials and their Chinese acquaintances to eat and drink. It can be seen that some Chinese people have tasted coffee during the Tongzhi period. The emergence of operational cafes in China was probably at the end of the Qing Dynasty. According to Xu Ke, a man at the end of the Qing Dynasty and the beginning of the Republic of China, "drinking coffee: there are coffee shops in Europe and the United States, just like teahouses in China." It is also available in Tianjin and Shanghai, and it is also imitated by the Chinese. Concurrently sell candy to drink. Xu Ke's book takes a lot of notes from the Qing Dynasty, and it can be inferred that the things mentioned appeared at the end of the Qing Dynasty. However, this book was published a little later than the China University Dictionary, so it is difficult to tell which book uses the word "coffee" first. However, the first to be printed in type is the Chinese Dictionary. It can be seen that coffee shops attached to cafes or hotels and guesthouses generally appeared in major cities in the Republic of China.

It is even more unclear when and where coffee was introduced in China and how it spread. The Chinese Encyclopedia Agricultural Volume Coffee Bar and the Chinese Agricultural Encyclopedia Agricultural Volume Coffee Bar all said that coffee was introduced to Taiwan Province of China in 1884, introduced to Hainan Province in 1908, and then introduced to Yunnan, Guangxi, Fujian and other places. However, there is no documentary evidence, no data source, and no argument or reference in the article. Therefore, it remains to be verified. According to the clues provided by the author, I consulted the continuation of the Annals of Taiwan written by Yu Wenyi in the late Qianlong year of the Qing Dynasty, the General Chronicles of Taiwan compiled collectively in the reign of Emperor Guangxu, and the Tongzhi of Fujian compiled by Chen Shouqi and others in the late Qianlong year of the Qing Dynasty. Chen Changzhai wrote Guangdong Tongzhi, Xie Qikun supervised Guangxi Tongzhi in Qing Jiaqing year, and continued Yunnan Tongzhi manuscript by Wang Wenshao in Qing Guangxu year. I have carefully studied the "products" and "local suitability" parts of various prefectures and counties, but have not yet found any clues to plant and produce coffee. In addition, the author also consulted the "Bowu New compilation" written by the British in the year of Qingxian and Fengnian, and the "textual Research on the name and reality of plants" and its "long compilation" by Wu Qiguan, which was not mentioned in the book. Therefore, this work has to go on, and we look forward to the benefit of those who know. The first introduction of coffee by Chinese mainland probably began in Yunnan in the 1920s. At that time, a French missionary brought a batch of coffee seedlings to Binchuan County, Dali Prefecture, Yunnan Province for cultivation. ! Yunnan belongs to the subtropical climate, which belongs to the sphere of influence of France in modern times, and Vietnam and Laos are already French colonies. Therefore, I think it is more credible that the French introduced coffee cultivation into Yunnan at the beginning of the 20th century. By the time of the Republic of China, it had been confirmed that coffee had been cultivated and produced in the field. In Taiwan Province from 1926 to 1936, the Japanese colonial authorities encouraged the cultivation of crops designed to squeeze sugarcane and rice, including coffee. From 1926 to 1942, coffee was also among the crops with a larger increase in Taiwan's sown area. [)] (*) Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, Yunnan and other places on the mainland of the motherland are also introduced and cultivated. So now we can only be sure that there was coffee cultivation and production in China on the eve of the Republic of China and in the Republic of China era. Coffee cultivation has developed after liberation.

Coffee drinking habits, coffee cultivation and cafes have gradually formed a coffee diet culture with Chinese characteristics after it spread in China. In terms of language, the new word coffee has been formed, on the basis of which caffeine-caffeine, coffee and other common words have been formed. Since the reform and opening up, cafes and coffee drinking have become popular in China, and popular songs such as "Wine and Coffee, Cup after Cup" have been popular, and some families have also provided coffee cups and plates and instant coffee drinks. It can be believed that with the construction of socialism with characteristics and a well-off society in an all-round way, cafes, coffee drinks and coffee culture will further develop and popularize in China.