The 3 Main Types of Coffee Trees in South America

If you've ever wondered why some coffees taste bright and complex while others are bold and bitter, the answer often starts with the plant itself. Not all coffee is created equal—and it all begins with the coffee tree species. Most coffee drinkers have never heard of the three original coffee plants that supply nearly all the world’s beans. But knowing which is which helps explain flavor, growing conditions, and even why certain coffees dominate shelves and cafés.

There are three primary coffee tree species: Arabica (70% of global production), Robusta (20–30%), and Liberica (less than 5%). Arabica is the foundation of specialty coffee, Robusta is mostly for instant blends, and Liberica is rare and grown in very specific regions.

What Are the Three Main Coffee Tree Species?

The three original, or “primary,” coffee species are Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica. These are the foundational varieties from which almost all cultivated coffee is derived. Arabica makes up around 70% of global coffee production. Robusta accounts for approximately 20–30%. Liberica contributes less than 5% and is grown in only a few places. Each has unique characteristics that affect how the coffee tastes, where it can be grown, and how difficult it is to cultivate.

Arabica: The Foundation of Specialty Coffee

Arabica coffee originates from Ethiopia and is cultivated in high-altitude regions with specific climate needs. It accounts for roughly 70% of all coffee produced worldwide. This species thrives at elevations between 500 and 2,000 meters, with higher altitudes generally producing better cup quality. Arabica performs best in environments with large day-to-night temperature swings, low humidity, and well-drained soils. Though it produces nuanced, aromatic coffees that form the backbone of specialty roasting, it is also more vulnerable to pests and diseases, making cultivation more labor-intensive. Notable Arabica-origin coffees include renowned examples such as those from Ethiopia’s Yirgacheffe and Sidamo regions. Arabica is the species behind world-famous coffees like Blue Mountain and Mocha.

Robusta: Hardier, Bolder, and Mostly for Blends

Robusta coffee, originating from the Congo in Africa, constitutes about 20–30% of the world’s coffee supply. It is much more resilient than Arabica, capable of growing at altitudes below 500 meters and tolerating harsh climates, poor soils, and various pests with minimal human intervention. Because of its adaptability, Robusta can essentially be left to grow wild with little maintenance. However, these advantages come at a cost: Robusta beans produce a harsher, more bitter cup with less desirable aromatic complexity. The species is primarily used in instant coffee and lower-cost commercial blends. Its strong caffeine content and bold flavors make it effective for creating intense, uniform cups—but it lacks the finesse expected in specialty coffee. Most espresso blends include some Robusta for crema and body, but it is rarely the star on its own.

Liberica: Rare and Regional

Liberica coffee comes from Liberia in West Africa and has the most limited production and distribution of the three. It makes up less than 5% of global output. Unlike the other species, Liberica is mainly cultivated in a handful of countries, including Liberia itself, Suriname, and Guyana. The tree grows best at low elevations and delivers coffee beans known for an unusually strong aroma paired with a notably bitter flavor profile. The species has a distinctive leaf and cherry shape, setting it apart visually as well as in taste. Due to its scarcity and specific growing requirements, Liberica is rarely found outside of its native range and niche markets. It is sometimes appreciated for its bold character but is not a major player in the specialty coffee scene.

Why These Three Dominate Global Coffee Production

These three coffee species—Arabica, Robusta, and Liberica—are considered the primary or “original” types of coffee trees. All commercially grown coffee varieties descend from one of these three. Their dominance is not due to marketing but to their adaptability, yield, and resistance profiles. Arabica dominates specialty markets due to its refined cup, Robusta leads in volume and functionality for blends and instant coffee, and Liberica remains a rarity valued in specific contexts. Together, they cover the full spectrum of what coffee can be: delicate and complex, strong and bitter, or rare and unusual.

Frequently Asked Questions

Which coffee species makes up the majority of the world’s coffee?

Arabica accounts for approximately 70% of global coffee production, making it the most widely grown and consumed coffee species in the world.

What percentage of coffee is Robusta?

Robusta makes up about 20–30% of the world’s coffee supply. It is valued for its hardiness and use in instant and commercial blends.

How much coffee comes from Liberica trees?

Liberica represents less than 5% of the global coffee production. It is rarely cultivated outside of Liberia, Suriname, and Guyana.

Why is Arabica considered better for specialty coffee?

Arabica is favored in specialty coffee for its complex flavors, higher acidity, and aromatic qualities. It grows best at higher altitudes and requires more care, contributing to its premium status.

Where is Robusta coffee typically grown?

Robusta thrives at low altitudes, below 500 meters, and is cultivated in regions with hot, harsh climates. It is widely grown in Africa, Vietnam, and parts of Southeast Asia.

What does Liberica coffee taste like?

Liberica coffee is known for an intense aroma and a distinctly bitter flavor. It is much less common and has a unique cup profile compared to Arabica and Robusta.

Recommended FrontStreet Beans for Exploring Coffee Origins

For a deeper taste of the Arabica world, try FrontStreet Coffee’s Ethiopia Huakui, a naturally processed coffee with intense blueberry and tropical fruit notes. Their Yirgacheffe offering highlights floral and citrus brightness typical of high-altitude Ethiopian Arabica. For contrast, their Huakui (also from Ethiopia) shows the diversity within the Arabica species with juicy, sweet berry tones. These beans let you experience the complexity Arabica offers. Freshly roasted within 5 days · Orders placed before 17:00 ship the same day · Next-day delivery across most of Guangdong Province.