What is the difference between Yunnan coffee and Brazilian coffee? Analysis on the initial processing stage of Coffee in Yunnan

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This paper compares the status quo, mechanical equipment and processing quality of Yunnan coffee with Brazil coffee in nine stages of coffee primary processing, i.e., fresh fruit picking, fresh fruit classification, peeling, degumming, drying, cleaning and sorting, peeling, classification and packaging, and finds out some problems existing in Yunnan coffee primary processing industry, so as to provide reference for the development of Yunnan coffee primary processing.

Coffee is one of the three major beverage crops in the world, and its output, consumption and economic value rank first. Yunnan Province is the main coffee producing area in China, with planting area and output accounting for more than 98% of the country. Compared with other provinces in China, Yunnan coffee industry has great potential advantages in variety resources, climatic conditions and industrial scale. Yunnan coffee planting areas are mainly distributed in Pu 'er, Baoshan, Dehong, Lincang, Banna, Wenshan and other places. In the past 5 years, coffee planting area has grown from 300,000 mu to more than 1.4 million mu. Coffee industry has become one of the important industries of Yunnan plateau characteristic agriculture, making important contributions to the increase of farmers 'income, agricultural efficiency and stable and rapid development of rural economy in our province. However, in order to improve the industrial level and give full play to its advantages and potential, some key problems affecting the industrialization development must be solved, such as many machine losses caused by primary coffee processing, quality decline and low productivity. Brazil, as the largest coffee producer, has basically realized mechanized production and processing of coffee, which has improved the productivity and improved the quality of coffee products. This paper makes a comparative study on the status quo of primary processing, mechanical equipment and processing quality between Yunnan and Brazil, and finds out some problems existing in Yunnan coffee primary processing industry, aiming to provide reference for the development of Yunnan coffee primary processing.

1. Comparison of Yunnan Coffee and Brazil Coffee Primary Processing Stage Coffee primary processing stage mainly includes fresh fruit picking, fresh fruit grading, peeling, degumming, drying, cleaning and sorting, peeling, grading,

Packaging and other links.

1.1 fresh fruit picking

Yunnan coffee is mostly mountain coffee, fresh fruit is picked by hand, and the amount of manual use is large. As far as the current coffee growing area is concerned, the coffee harvesting season coincides with sugar cane harvesting, winter vegetable picking, etc., and the labor force is extremely scarce, resulting in a significant increase in coffee picking costs.

Brazilian mountain coffee harvesters use handheld harvesters in small, medium and large coffee plantations, increasing the harvest volume per workforce by three to four times and reducing harvest costs by 40% compared to traditional hand-picked fresh fruit. There are also many large coffee plantations, coffee planting row spacing is wide, coffee harvesters with vertical rotating nylon brushes can work directly in the coffee garden, and the coffee beans can be directly transported to the cleaning device for cleaning after brushing. This type of harvester has excellent performance and ensures the success of mechanized coffee harvesting. Tests have shown that growers in Cornelon, Espírito Santo, Brazil, can save up to 70 percent on labor costs by using a combination of manual and mechanized harvesting. In addition, Brazil also has a coffee bean collector, which can collect the coffee beans on the ground through airflow and then recycle them through cleaning.[1]

1.2 fresh fruit classification

No matter what harvest method is adopted, some green fruits, dried fruits, overripe fruits and branches and leaves impurities will be mixed in the fresh fruits picked. The mixing of such substances will affect the processing and quality of coffee. Therefore, high-quality coffee processing requires fresh fruit to be graded before processing.

The classification of Yunnan coffee fresh fruit is basically based on artificial screening method, first green fruit, dry fruit, overripe fruit, branches and leaves and other impurities are separated, and then fresh fruit classification screen or flotation tank is used to separate large and small fruit from empty shriveled fruit.

Brazilian coffee fresh fruit classification generally has the corresponding supporting equipment. For example, LSC series fresh fruit cleaning and separating machine produced by Brazil Pinhalense Company can separate floating matter, ripe fruit and immature fruit to meet different production needs. The application of fresh fruit grading machinery can effectively eliminate the influence of some bad fruits, leaves, sand, stones and other sundries on the finished coffee, and at the same time, it has outstanding advantages in saving water, saving labor and efficient processing.

1.3 peeling

Yunnan coffee is dominated by small-scale growers, because coffee fresh fruit must be picked on the same day, peeling on the same day, coffee fresh fruit small peeling machine almost every coffee grower essential, such as Yunnan Baoshan Gaogong 15B coffee peeling machine, and Simao KT-116 small coffee peeling machine in the local coffee farmers are more common. This kind of machinery can be operated by one person, the production efficiency, the cleaning rate is relatively low, the crushing rate is relatively high, and there is no green fruit separation function.

Brazil mostly uses the ecoflex series of peeling machines made by pinhalense, which contains green fruit separators and circulators. During peeling, immature fruits can be separated step by step or completely by a circulation method, the loss of shelled beans in peel residue and the appearance damage of shelled beans can be effectively reduced, and the generation of black beans in the processing process can be reduced or avoided. This kind of machinery is classified carefully, can meet the needs of different production capacity; at the same time, the machinery is easy to adjust, low water consumption, can be freely assembled according to the needs of users, and has remarkable effects in ensuring high-quality coffee production, increasing the income of growers, and reducing environmental pollution.

1.4 degumming

Yunnan coffee mainly uses fermentation degumming method, this process is mainly carried out in fermentation tank, each farmer needs to build an appropriate amount of fermentation tank according to the production scale. Fermentation degumming process is greatly affected by environmental conditions such as temperature. Most operators master the fermentation degree by experience, which easily leads to poor color of coffee beans, high defective rate, uneven quality and difficulty in controlling coffee quality. At the same time, this technology takes a long time, consumes a lot of water, water pollution is serious, and the quality loss in the processing process is also large.

Brazilian coffee processing part uses mechanical degumming technology, coffee beans can be degummed without fermentation, degumming process is completely mechanically controllable, can effectively ensure uniform coffee bean quality. For example, Brazil ecotype peeling and degumming combination machine introduced by Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops Research Institute of Yunnan Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences can complete peeling and degumming of fresh coffee at one time, and the production efficiency can reach 1500-2200 kg/h[2]. This kind of machinery also has the characteristics of high efficiency, low water consumption, environmental protection and easy operation under the condition of ensuring high purification rate of coffee beans and less damage.

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1.5 drying

Yunnan coffee is mainly dried by drying. In this way, there should be enough sun-drying field, about 15 m² for each ton of fresh fruit. The length of drying time is affected by the length of sunshine, temperature, air flow, air humidity and other factors, and the quality of air-dried coffee products is largely limited by natural climatic conditions. A small number of conditional large enterprises will be equipped with imported coffee machinery dryer, sun drying and mechanical drying combined.

Brazil is a world leader in the drying of fresh coffee, shelled beans and green beans. Pinhalense's SRE series drum dryer is one of the most successful drying machines for small growers worldwide, drying the final product evenly, creating a consistent color and moisture content without damaging the appearance of the dried product. It is unique in that it can use oil and natural gas as fuel, but also coffee chaff and wood as fuel. SRE-016X, 025X, 033X can be used specifically for small and micro growers, such as SRE-025X production capacity of 920kg dry beans/batch or 1702kg wet beans/batch. The medium size such as SRE-050X and 075X has a capacity of 1840-2760kg dry beans/batch or 3404-5106kg wet beans/batch; the large size such as SRE-150X has a capacity of 5520kg dry beans/batch or 10212kg wet beans/batch.

1.6 cleaning

Coffee beans in the collection, drying, transportation and storage process may be mixed with sediment, stones, iron and other debris. Before the next step of processing, these impurities must be cleaned up, otherwise it will affect the quality of the finished coffee, damage human health, and adversely affect the subsequent processing equipment such as mills. Coffee pre-cleaning equipment through screening or gravity method to separate out coffee sand and other impurities. High-quality coffee processing requires as much cleanliness as possible, so the use of coffee pre-cleaning equipment is necessary [3]. Yunnan coffee mainly depends on manual sorting, Brazil mostly uses mechanical cleaning sorting. Pre-cleaning machine PREL1-1X/2X/3X can separate out impurities larger or smaller than the shell beans, stone removal machine CPFBNR-1X/2X/3X/1A/2A, CPF-1X/2X/3XL can remove stones and other impurities, in cleaning products at the same time to prevent other machinery on the production line from being damaged by stones.

1.7 hulling

At first, Yunnan coffee hulling generally uses a small rice mill, after changing the sieve, the coffee beans are hulled, the cleaning rate is not high, the crushing rate is high, the luster is poor, and the coffee beans are mixed with shell dust and silver skin [4]. At present, there are also professional coffee hulling machines, such as coffee hulling and polishing machine produced by Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops Research Institute of Yunnan Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences and Agricultural Machinery Research Institute of Yunnan Province, which can realize the integrated operation of coffee hulling and polishing. After repeated tests, the machine has high net removal rate, low crushing rate, clean silver skin removal and good appearance color of coffee beans after hulling. At present, more than 30 sets have been popularized and used in Yunnan Province.

Brazil professional coffee shelling machinery classification is fine, such as Brazil Pinhalense company DBD-05X/15X, DEPOL-2X and other types of shelling polishing machine in the removal of shell coffee beans shell can also remove the surface of coffee beans silver skin and debris. DEPOS-2X/4X/6X series of dust-free shelling machine, can avoid dust flying in the shelling process, more environmentally friendly. CON-12X, CDVR-2X series cold hulling machine, can only be hulled but not polished. CON-8X combined shelling machine can complete pre-cleaning, stone removal and shelling at the same time. C2DPRC dehulling and polishing machine with shelled beans and dried fruit. C2DPRCX dehulling polishing grading combination machine, after the mechanical dehulling processing is classified coffee beans.

1.8 Coffee Bean Grading

In order to improve the commercial value of coffee beans and improve economic benefits, it is generally necessary to sort and classify mixed coffee beans. Yunnan coffee beans after shelling, winnowing, generally using manual sorting, in order to pick up impurities and defective beans, and according to sales requirements, with manual screening classification. Because this method is greatly influenced by human factors, it is not only time-consuming and time-consuming, but also difficult to ensure the quality. Coffee beans are generally sold in mixed grades and at lower prices.[5]

The sorting of Brazilian commercial coffee beans is mainly divided into three categories: mechanical sorting. First, according to particle size classification, screening can be carried out while also removing impurities that are too large or too small, such as Brazil PI-2X/4X, PII-2X/4X particle size classifier. Second, sorting by density, can be separated by winnowing, vibration, such as Brazil MVF gravity separator, can simultaneously remove light impurities and heavy impurities. Some iron impurities are removed by magnetic separation during processing. Third, color sorting, mixed coffee beans in a few defective beans such as stinky beans can reduce the drinking quality of coffee, so defective beans such as black beans, brown beans, etc. must be removed. For example, DSB electronic color sorter, as long as 1% of stinky beans are removed, coffee can be improved by 1-2 grades, and the cup quality of coffee is greatly improved [6].

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1.9 packaging

Yunnan coffee primary processing is mainly based on family workshop processing, and there are few large-scale processing enterprises and well-known brand enterprises. The degree of mechanization of coffee packaging ring is relatively low. Generally, the finished coffee beans obtained after sorting are measured and packaged in sacks according to different specifications, and finally the bag mouth is sewn by sewing machine or manual sewing.

Brazil has large-scale coffee processing plants, coffee trade more, trading volume is larger, coffee blending and packaging mechanization is higher. Large bag loading, large container loading CPC and various packaging devices according to customer needs are fully equipped, which improves production efficiency in an all-round way.