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Summary of coffee transmission path

Ethiopia to Yemen (595-850), Yemen to India and Java (1600), Java to the Netherlands (1706), Netherlands to Paris (1714), Paris to Bourbon (1718) Martinique, Haiti (1723), Mexico, Brazil and other Central and South American countries (1727) finally to East Africa (1900).

At first, France was the main supplier of coffee in Europe. In 1723 the French brought coffee trees from Martinique to the islands of Guadeloupe and Saint Domingue (present-day Haiti, Haiti). Since 1730, coffee trees have been planted rapidly throughout the Antilles Islands of France. Meanwhile, coffee production has spread to many other countries.

The Spaniards took it to Puerto Rico (Puerto Rico) and Cuba (Cuba), then to Colombia (Colombia), Venezuela (Venezuela), and westward to the Philippines (Philippines). Coffee cultivation spread from Dutch Guiana (present-day Suriname, Surinam) to French Guiana (French Guiana), and in 1727 the Portuguese introduced coffee to what is now the world's largest coffee producer, Brazil (Brazil).

In 1730, the British introduced Typica coffee to Jamaica, where the best blue mountain coffee beans (Blue Mountain beans) are still produced. By around 1830, the Dutch colonies Java and Sumatra had become major coffee suppliers in Europe. With British funding, India and Ceylon tried to catch up, but failed to change the status of the Netherlands. In the mid-1800s, camel spore rust (Hemileia vastatrix), a coffee pest, swept across Asia, cutting off supplies and giving Brazil a rare opportunity. Within a few years, Brazil has become the world's largest coffee supplier to this day.

Basic coffee bean botany

Coffee is an evergreen shrub of the genus Coffea of Rubiaceae.

Coffee family tree

(I) Arabica (Arabica)

The main subspecies: typica has a larger bean shape, and the best-known producing area is

1. Blue Mountain

2. Hawaii

3. Sumatra Mantenin

4. Moka (Mokka)

5. Tico

6. The Indian variety of Kent PS should be a hybrid of Tibica and other varieties.

7. Saint Ramon (San Ramon)

8. Amarello (amarello) means yellow in Latin. The fruit is yellow when ripe and the tree has low yield and high yield.

9. Main subspecies: bour bon bean type is smaller.

10. Mondo Nuevo PS is a natural mating between Bourbon and Sumatra.

11. Cauttra PS is a bourbon mixed mutant bean type.

twelve。 Catuai Ps is the mating species of Mondo Newford and Katila.

13. Vera Rob (villalobos) PS is a bourbon hybrid mutant bean type.

14. Verasaki (villa Sarchi) PS is a bourbon hybrid mutant bean type.

15. Garnica is a Brazilian hybrid.

16. Mibirizi is a Brazilian hybrid.

17. Gene mutant: pointed bourbon (Bourbon Pointu)

18. Maragogype, or Elephant Bean, commonly known as the Great Blue Mountain: Tibica's best-known variety of beans

19. Geisha (Geisha): a derivative of Tibika family

20. Yellow bourbon (Bourbon Amarello, or Yellow Bourbon)

21. Kaddura (Caturra): a single genetic variant of bourbon

twenty-two。 Huangkadura (Caturra): breeding between Kaddura and Huangbourne

The bourbon variety first discovered in Costa Rica in the 23.Villa Sarchi:1960 era

24. New World (Mundo Novo): a natural hybrid between Bourbon and Sumatra Tibica

25. Pacamara: a Hybrid Variety between Pacas (Pacas) and Elephant Bean (Maragogype)

twenty-six。 Ikatu (Icatu): a Brazilian variety improved by multi-generation hybridization

twenty-seven。 Ruyilu 11 (Ruiru 11): a hybrid variety developed in Kenya in 1985, which is heavy in yield but not in quality.

(II) Robastar (Robusta)

1. Collins (Brazilian variety) (conilon)

two。 Java java Ineac

3. That (Nana)

4. Ke Yulao (Kouilou)

5. Kang Junxi Shi (hybrid) (congensis)

PS. Robasda was originally a mutant of the caffea canephora species. Robasda caffeine is adaptable, so it means "tenacious and strong".

(III) Marragozbi (Maragogype)

A mutant of typica, found in the Maragozbi region of Bahia, Brazil, which produces the world's largest coffee beans, sometimes called "elephahtbean" (not confused with the general deformed bean "elephant ear" elephant). It is currently grown in Cuba Cuba, Colombia Colombia, Guatemala Guatemala, Mexico Mexico and Nicaragua Nicaragua. Due to its mild smell and attractive appearance become the pursuit of coffee beans, because of low production and high production costs, so the market is often in short supply.

(IV) Liberika Liberica

Found in Liberia in 1843, planting sites: lowlands or flat land below 200m, high temperature and low temperature tolerance, rainy and little rain tolerance, tree height 10m leaf tip with pointed rhombic petals with 8 petals, fruit twice as large as Arabia pericarp, endocarp, seed coat are very thick, especially the seeds stick to the seeds tightly, the operation of removing the seed coat is time-consuming, and it is not easy to peel off after maturity. Aroma: poor aroma, strong bitterness, disease resistance and adaptability are often used as rootstocks of Arabica. The lowest planting density is mainly from Liberia, Suriname, Gayana, India, Malaysia, Angola, C ô te d'Ivoire and the Philippines.

(5) other cultivated varieties

1. Alabasda (arabusta) (insert)

two。 Shibulai Doudimo (hibrido be timor)

3. Ruiru Eleven (Kenyan dwarf)

4. The mating species of Timor Arabica and Robesda

5. Catimor Ps was born in Portugal in 1995 as the mating species of Cartilla and Timo (embroidery resistant variety).

(VI) Eckadu (icatu)

The variety Columbia (Variedad Colombia) is a hybrid of Katymo and Cartilla, with a pedigree of 4 gamma and 1 robusta.

The important bean name of Arabica

1.Mocha is grown in Yemen and the pulp is removed by natural drying, named after the exit of the port of Mocha in the Red Sea!

2.Harrar, or "Ethiopian Mocha", is processed directly in the port area of Ethiopia and the flesh is removed by natural drying!

3.Blue Mountain var. Typica is planted in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica!

4.Kona var. Typica is planted in Port Kona, Hawaii.

Typica, a natural mutant of 5.Sumatra, is planted in Sumatra. The trees are chubby in appearance, with large leaves and large fruits.

The fruiting period of 6.Maragogype is long, and the leaves and fruits are large. It is a new bean species mutated by Typica.

7.Mokka is made up of var. Bourbon is naturally mutated, with short trees and small round beans, which are grown in Java.

8.Caturra is made up of var. Bourbon is naturally mutated and originated in Brazil.

9.Mundo Novo is naturally bred by Sumatra and Bourbon and originated in Brazil.

10.Catuai was artificially bred by Mundo Novo and Caturra.

11.San Ramon var. A dwarf mutant of Typica that originated in Central America.

12.Ruiru eleven, a dwarf species selected by Kenya, has strong resistance to berry infectious diseases of plants, but loses the original sour characteristics of Kenya!

13.Kent, a coffee tree cultivated in India, is highly resistant to leaf rust.

IV. Postscript:

When it comes to the history of the coffee family, it is impossible to write down the history of the coffee family. In addition to the blue mountain Typica species that we are familiar with, we have to make a note of the very rammed geisha coffee in recent years.

Geisha (Geisha): a derivative of the Tibika family, it was exported from the Geisha Mountains of southern Ethiopia in 1931 (Geisha is synonymous with Japanese geisha). After being unknown in many countries, it was transplanted to Panama in the 1960s and did not begin to win cup tests until 2005.

The two most important subspecies of boutique coffee are Tibica Typica and bourbon Bourbon.

Tiebika has good quality, clean and varied flavor, so it is not resistant to diseases and insect pests. Therefore, Tibica is mainly planted in the well-known Blue Mountains, Hawaii, Mount Jiayu in Sumatra, etc., all of which have the characteristics of high altitude. Because of the natural reduction of diseases and insect pests in the high altitude area, and because of the large temperature difference in the morning and evening in the highland, the coffee planted is naturally of good quality. Can't you see that the prices of coffee in these producing areas are not all high!

There are also many tree species derived from Tibica, the most famous of which is Maragogype in the Dalan Mountains. It was first discovered in 1870 in the Maragogype region of the state of Bahia in northeastern Brazil that beans were at least three times larger than the average Arabica, hence the name. Later, some people mated Mara Gozbi with the original Tibica to breed Marabelle, and Pacamara, who was mixed with Bourbon, is another story.

Compared with the delicacy of Tibica in Ethiopia, the birthplace of coffee, bourbon is the most important representative tree species in Yemen, which currently accounts for more than half of the world's coffee production. Bourbon is more productive than Tibica, which is resistant to high temperature. as a result, coffee production has soared in an instant, and coffee has been produced in large quantities to benefit the whole world. Brazil is currently the most representative producing area, and so far it is on record. As many as 36-4 billion coffee trees have been planted in Brazil, ranking first in the world in terms of total production capacity. Of course, hundreds of coffee trees are derived from bourbon species.

The world of coffee is vast. Re-examining the information collected about coffee 10 years ago, the world of coffee is still out of reach. Let yourself not lose your enthusiasm for coffee. The most basic knowledge of coffee is the source of motivation to keep the coffee business going.

To share with you--

5. Summary of coffee transmission path

(1) drinking coffee at home Coffee Drinking in the Home

In Constantinople in the 16th century, whether rich or poor, Turks or Jews, Greeks or Armenians, every household drank coffee at least twice a day (usually more)-it was common to drink 20 small plates a day. And it has become a way of hospitality. No matter how poor the family is, they will treat visitors to coffee, and it is extremely impolite to refuse to accept it. At formal banquets, coffee will be served as soon as the guests arrive, and coffee will continue to be served throughout the feast, which may last up to eight hours. Although drinking coffee has become a part of life, it still retains its magic.

There is always an exquisite way of drinking coffee at home. It is necessary to greet each other politely in good health and family, as well as praise to God; its etiquette is as complex as the Japanese tea ceremony. Sometimes it is accompanied by melon seeds or dates to enhance the fun of drinking coffee. Most wealthy families also employ coffee waiters, whose job is to prepare and make coffee. The head waiter, called Kahveghi., has a space for coffee that may be larger than a cupboard-it is located next to the coffee shop that receives guests, and the hall is decorated with colorful carpets and cushions and a beautiful coffee maker. The coffee is placed on a silver or lacquered wood plate large enough to hold 20 coffee porcelain plates and served respectfully to the guests. Coffee is always filled with five cents to prevent spillage and to hold the plate with your fingers. Wealthy families also employ attendants, or Itchoglans, who are ordered by their master to bring coffee carefully from the waiter to avoid touching the edge of the cup, burning or spilling it to visitors.

(II) Coffee and conflict COFFEE AND CONFLICT

When some ethnic groups are able to enjoy their own coffee, especially at night, they will appear energetic and feel threatened to others. So in 16th century Arabia, political and religious leaders ignored the good times in the coffee shop. As Hatos mentioned in the Social Life of the Cafe (The Social Life of Coffeehouse), this relaxed and harmonious atmosphere inevitably leads to coffee-induced public speech, news, opinions and complaints about the country. To make matters worse, fewer and fewer people go to mosques because coffee is available elsewhere.

The first place to curb coffee drinking was in the holy city of Mecca, where many Mufti (Islamic leaders), lawyers and doctors claimed that drinking coffee was not only against religious laws, but also harmful to health. The situation of ongoing debate shows the anger caused by coffee and the conflict among those who are eager to take a political line.

(3) stop drinking coffee The Suppression of Coffee Drinking

Legend has it that the governor of Mecca was outraged by a group of people in the halal plain who could legally drink coffee during evening prayers. At first the Governor thought they were drinking, which was, of course, a violation of Muslim law. But when it was proved that this was not the case, the Governor thought that coffee would make people drunk, or at least make it easy to break the law, so he decided to ban it. So he first summoned a group of experts and asked them for their thoughtful opinions. Legal experts say coffee houses really need some kind of reform, but there is a fine line between whether coffee-related drinks are inherently harmful or whether they are just a catalyst for negative behaviour.

Legal experts believe that the decision should be left to doctors because they do not want to take final responsibility for this serious and sensitive issue. To this end, I found two Persian brothers who were both in Mecca to the doctor, as expected, and one of them wrote a book to dissuade coffee. At that time, medicine was based on the concept of body mood, and the brothers claimed that because coffee came from bunn (the African language of coffee trees), and bunn was "cold and dry", so it was harmful to health. Another doctor present argued that bunn could "quickly resolve phlegm". It is impossible to have those qualities as the two Persian brothers said.

After a lengthy debate, everyone finally decided to declare coffee an illegal substance-the Governor-for safety reasons. As a result, many people are eager to prove that coffee does disturb their minds. One man inadvertently claimed that when he drank coffee, the experience felt the same as drinking-a ridiculous remark, because he had to break the Muslim law to know about the experience. When questioned, he accidentally admitted to drinking and was formally punished. Mufti of Mecca, both a saint and a lawyer, vehemently opposed the verdict, but was helpless. Despite the Mufti, the Governor signed a statement outlawing the sale or consumption of coffee openly and privately. All shops selling such incendiary fruits were burned, coffee shops were forced to close, and operators were thrown with fragments of coffee pots and cups. The sound was sent to the Sultan in Egypt, and to the governor's embarrassment, the Sultan was shocked by the conviction of the drink because people all over Cairo thought coffee was good and healthy. In addition, doctors of law in Cairo-more important than legal experts in Mecca-believe that there is nothing wrong with drinking coffee. The governor was formally reprimanded and told that his power would be limited to preventing riots in the coffee shop. Originally, I could only drink coffee behind closed doors, but it was back to the past. A year later, the King of Sudan sentenced the governor to death for crimes committed against coffee, and the two Persian doctors ended up suffering the same fate.

The sharper debate about coffee in Muslim law is becoming more and more bizarre and incredible. In Constantinople, for example, religious fanatics strongly claim that the roasting process turns coffee into charcoal, and that it is very disrespectful to use such shoddy objects on the table. Mufti agreed and declared coffee illegal. However, the ban has never been truly observed. People began to drink coffee slowly at home, and law enforcement officials gave up hope of coercion and allowed coffee to be sold privately. Finally, a careful Mufti was appointed to enforce the law, and the coffee shop reopened. Then there is a tax on a certain percentage of turnover on coffee shop owners in Constantinople, and although the tax contributes a lot to the treasury, the price of a cup of coffee is as low as ever-you can imagine how big the turnover is.

In the years that followed, religious and political leaders in the Middle East repeatedly tried to curb coffee drinking. Usually every such continuous complaint is met with anarchic resistance. Such attempts often fail due to the lack of support from the masses and the divergence of opinions among lawyers, doctors and religious experts. By the end of the 16th century, drinking coffee had become a deep-rooted habit in the Middle East, and no level of ban could touch it!