About coffee trees to coffee

Coffee is a perennial evergreen shrub or small tree of Rubiaceae. It is a horticultural perennial cash crop with the characteristics of fast growth, high yield, high value and wide market. Wild coffee trees can grow to 5 to 10 meters high, but coffee trees planted on manors are often cut to less than 2 meters in order to increase fruit and facilitate harvesting.

The first flowering period of the coffee tree is about three years old. the five-petal tube-shaped white flowers are filled with a faint scent of jasmine and the inflorescences are arranged in dense clusters. Flowers wither after two or three days of blooming and begin to bear fruit after a few months. The fruit is a drupe with a diameter of about 1.5cm. It turns green at first, then turns yellow gradually, and turns red when ripe. It is very similar to cherries, so it is called cherry coffee (Coffee Cherry). It can be harvested at this time.

Coffee fruit contains two seeds, namely coffee beans. The two beans are connected face to face with each other on one side of the plane. Each coffee bean has a thin outer film, which is called silver skin, and its outer layer is covered with a yellow outer skin, called endocarp. The whole coffee bean is wrapped in a sticky pulp to form the coffee pulp, which is soft and sweet, with the outer shell.

Raw bean processing

Pick

The existing coffee picking methods are divided into mechanical picking and manual picking. Mechanical picking is suitable for coffee gardens with flat land and large areas of planting. Brazil is the most frequent user of mechanical picking coffee in the world. This method is characterized by low cost and high efficiency, but the coffee beans picked are uneven and of poor quality. For coffee beans with higher quality requirements, the method of manual picking is generally adopted, which ensures that the picked coffee fruit has uniform size, similar maturity, no other impurities, and is beneficial to the post-processing of coffee beans.

From fruits to coffee beans

The processing methods from coffee fruit to coffee beans can be roughly classified as dry processing and wet processing.

Dry processing: the coffee fruit is dried and dehydrated by natural conditions such as sunlight and ventilation, and then the dried coffee fruit is put into the peeled pulp, peel and silver skin. This method is the most economical and traditional processing method, the coffee beans treated by this method can maintain the fragrance for a long time, but also have a certain environmental smell. At present, this method is widely used in many parts of Africa and Asian countries, but with the progress of science and technology, many places have begun to use dryers to dry coffee fruit.

Wet processing: also known as water washing processing, using soaking to screen the coffee fruit, and then the selected fruit through fermentation, extrusion and other methods to remove the peel, pulp and silver surface slippery pulp, processed coffee beans will retain the surface of the silver skin for storage, this state of coffee beans called "parchment coffee beans" (Parchment Coffee), until export before using the peeling machine to remove the dried silver skin. The biggest advantage of wet processing is that the appearance quality of coffee beans is good, and the original flavor is maintained well. The disadvantage is that the processing cost is high and a lot of water is needed. It is generally used for the processing of high quality coffee beans.