What factors affect the taste of coffee? How does stress affect the quality of espresso?

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The key to making espresso lies in pressure, and the crema, quantity, and flavor of espresso all come from the influence of stress.

But why is stress so important? How does it affect concentrated formulations? Why is the nine atmospheric pressure the most commonly recommended pressure setting for brewing coffee?

I believe everyone has some questions about pressure. the author visited Cafflano's Stephen Kim, and Cafflano was the first manufacturer of hand-held espresso machines "Klassic" and "Kompact" on the mass fundraising platform Kickstarter, and allowed the extraction process of this handheld coffee machine to maintain a pressure of nine atmospheres. He said that the extraction pressure is perfect.

The knowledge of stress

Pressure is measured by atmospheric pressure, and the pressure generated by the atmosphere is usually calculated as an atmospheric pressure at sea level.

The usual nine atmospheric pressure (9 bar) when making espresso is nine times the weight of one atmospheric pressure. Stephen said: "espresso has a very long history, and nine atmospheric pressure is recognized as the most suitable pressure to extract espresso." "

In order to make it easier for you to understand and imagine the situation of tire inflation, the tire pressure of most cars is 32 PSI (about 2.2bar) and that of bicycles is 65-85 PSI (about 4.4-5.8bar).

The 9 atmospheric pressure extracted by espresso is as much as 4 times the normal tire pressure.

Control pressure

Imagine that such a high-pressure flow over coffee powder seems to create a mess, so we have to control and apply these nine-atmospheric pressure, which is at the heart of espresso theory.

How do we control stress? You can control the coffee brewing time by filling and pressing the coffee pressed powder.

First of all, let's take a look at the coffee pressed powder. To avoid the confusion mentioned above, we need something to stop the water from being pushed quickly over the coffee powder.

So the first thing to make sure is that the grinding degree of the coffee powder must be very fine, and any coffee can be made into espresso, but it must be extremely fine ground and filled with pressed powder in the brewing handle. This creates a high-density, flat surface that allows coffee powder to block the flow of water.

Then let's take a look at the extraction time, which is a little complicated.

Adjust the flavor of coffee

Although the extraction time may vary slightly, the extraction time of a dose of concentration with nine atmospheric pressure is usually between 25 and 30 seconds. If the pressure is low, it takes more time to extract; if the pressure is high, the extraction time needs to be shortened.

But this part may be a little more complicated, because coffee takes more time to reach the appropriate extraction level, and even if you increase the extraction pressure, the concentration of a 12-second high-pressure extraction will not give you a good drinking experience.

The actual time required for extraction depends on many factors, including grinding thickness, characteristics of coffee itself, water temperature, extraction rate, brewers' habits, and so on. As mentioned earlier, there is not much room to change the grinding thickness.

This means that powder content, extraction rate and extraction time are the main variable factors of espresso formula (unless you can use a professional coffee machine that can control pressure and water temperature).

Many people also like to change the pressure of extraction: first pre-soak from low pressure, then use 9 bar of high pressure extraction, and then reduce the pressure extraction to the end. Maxwell Colonna-Dashwood advocates the use of 6 bar pressure for low pressure extraction. There are always many new directions to test for coffee, and our idea of extraction continues to evolve.

However, 9 bar pressure extraction is still the most standard setting. In fact, pressure control can only be used on advanced coffee machines with pressure adjustment.

Why not try to adjust other parameters, such as grindness and water temperature? Take light-roasted and medium-roasted coffee as an example, roasting will degrade the structure of coffee beans, making the substances of coffee beans more easily soluble in water. Light-roasted coffee can lead to low solubility because of its short baking time. Unless it is matched with the correct brewing parameters, it will lead to insufficient extraction (for example, more sour, almost sour taste). This is why many bean bakers bake a special roasting degree that is deeper than that by hand.

To sum up this part, there are many ways to adjust the concentration formula, including changing extraction time, grinding degree, water temperature, pressure and so on. However, finely ground coffee powder is usually used with 9 bar pressure extraction, and conversely, these conditions also set the extraction time of 25-30 seconds.

Of course, there are many key factors to make a good espresso: filling technique and strength, coffee baking date, coffee powder quantity, bean density, quality of machinery and equipment, size of brewing handle filter cup, water quality, hardness, current room temperature, and so on, but these are not the topics to be discussed in this article.

Clarify the confusion brought by Crema

There is still one confusion that we should pay attention to, which is the condensed crema.

"freshly brewed espresso will have a beautiful golden crema on the surface, and crema will be produced when the ground coffee is extracted under 7-9 bar pressure," he said. "

It is composed of the oil of coffee itself, and although it is often defined as an indicator of good quality espresso, it still depends on the characteristics of beans. For example, washed coffee usually produces less crema, so crema can not be used as an absolute basis for quality.

That said, crema is certainly visually pleasing and customers will like it, but you can't get crema if you don't have enough pressure to extract it.

Espresso machine to maintain pressure

How do we use 9 bar for extraction throughout the extraction process? Spring / pull rods, steam power or pump operations are usually used.

Many coffee shops still use Laba coffee machines because they provide baristas with control over extraction pressure. To operate this machine, you will pull up the lever of the coffee machine and suck in hot water in a vacuum and flow through the brewing handle. this kind of machine requires skill and experience to operate.

On the other hand, the steam engine boils the water and forces the water vapor produced by the process through the coffee powder, which does not reach the pressure needed to produce crema.

The pump coffee machine is usually the most common type seen by consumers, and this type of machine adds power to the pump to maintain water pressure.

The pressure of household machines and handheld coffee makers

Since making an espresso requires machine power and precise parameters, many people will think that household functions cannot maintain pressure during the extraction process, especially on models with more economic considerations.

However, these equipment manufacturers continue to refine their production technology.

For example, the patent-pending Cafflano uses the Pascal principle to allow the portable coffee machine Cafflano Kompresso to maintain its extraction pressure, indicating that the machine uses fluid mechanics to operate.

The Pascal principle points out: "the pressure acting on an airtight fluid can be transferred from the fluid to all parts of the container, so that the same change will take place anywhere." This sentence may be a little confusing, which means that if you push the fluid from the smaller diameter cylinder to the larger diameter cylinder, the force of the fluid will be magnified.

Let's go back to the example of life, for example, the hydraulic press used by the garage to raise the car operates using the Pascal principle, which is also applied to the Cafflano Kompresso handheld coffee machine to ensure that the pressure of its operation can be maintained.

What's more, squeeze rather than press on the machine to increase the extraction pressure, so that although the Kompresso machine weighs less than 200g, or even much smaller than the ordinary coffee machine, it can maintain an extraction pressure of 9 bar when extracting 15g coffee powder.

When you make coffee, there are many factors that can be adjusted: water quality, water temperature, freshness of coffee beans, roasting degree, barista's habits, etc. But if you want a real espresso, you need pressure to extract, and the usual standard of pressure is 9 bar.