A brief discussion on the knowledge of Coffee beans Encyclopedia

1. Summary: coffee is a perennial evergreen shrub or small tree of Rubiaceae. It is native to tropical Africa and has been cultivated for more than 2000 years. Arabs began to grow coffee in 525 BC, and it was popular for Arabs to stir-fry coffee beans. It began to be planted on a large scale after the 15th century, and was widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions of Europe, Asia, Africa and Latin America after the 18th century. It has become the first of the three major beverage crops in the world.

two。 Uses: coffee beans are an important raw material for making beverages. Coffee drinks are widely consumed all over the world and are deeply loved by people. Coffee beans are also pharmaceutical raw materials. Caffeine can be extracted and used as anesthetics, diuretics, stimulants and cardiotonic agents.

3. Processing:

(1) drying method: this method is simple and can be dried by sun-drying or electric oven. After drying, commercial coffee beans can be obtained by shelling and peeling off the pericarp and seed shell, and screening impurities.

(2) Wet method: this method is used in most planting areas, and the quality of coffee is better, and the processing procedure is as follows:

Fresh fruit → washing pool → peeling machine → fermentation tank fermentation → washing slime → drying (or drying) → peeling machine to remove seed shell → commercial coffee beans.

The fermentation time varies according to the type and temperature. The small seed is generally 1-1.5 days, and the medium-grain seed is 1.5-2 days. Fermentation time is too long, with sour taste; too short, incomplete degumming, not easy to dry, bad color.

4. Production and marketing: the output, consumption and output value of coffee rank first among the three major beverage crops in the world. Its production is mainly concentrated in South America, Central America, Africa, Asia and Oceania. All these major producing countries have exports, with Central and South America having the largest export volume. The United States is the largest importer of coffee, followed by Japan, Italy, Canada, Sweden, Austria, Switzerland, Singapore, Finland and Norway.

The world coffee trade products are raw coffee beans, fried coffee beans, ground coffee, instant coffee, mainly raw coffee beans.

China began to introduce coffee to Taiwan in 1884. Now it is cultivated in Hainan, Guangdong, Fujian, Guangxi and Yunnan, with an annual output of more than 2600 tons. Domestic consumption mainly depends on imports, with annual imports of more than 12000 tons of coffee beans and about 700,800 tons of coffee products, mainly from Brazil, Colombia, Kenya, Ethiopia and other countries. China also exports a small amount of coffee, with an annual export volume of more than 2000 tons.

5. Fruit and seed morphology, structure: the fruit is a berry, oval-shaped, long 9~14mm. Red and purplish red when mature. Each fruit generally has two seeds, which are oblate and have a longitudinal groove. Fruits include exocarp, mesocarp, endocarp (seed shell), seed coat, seed kernel (endosperm). The color and thickness of seed coat is one of the characteristics to distinguish varieties. The seed without seed coat is the commercial coffee bean on the market.

6. Main cultivated varieties:

(1) Arabian species, that is, small seed species. Originated in Ethiopia, evergreen shrub, small nuts, thick peel, sweet pulp, mellow products, low caffeine content, also known as light coffee, is the main cultivated variety in the world. The planting area and yield account for 82% and 80% of the total output and total area of coffee in the world, respectively, and the main producing areas are Brazil and Colombia.

(2) Robbda species, also known as Ganfra species, that is, mesomere species. Native to the African Congo rainforest, small evergreen trees. The fruit is oblate or oval. When mature, it is purple, the seed coat is thin, close to the kernel, and it is not easy to separate. The taste of drinking is strong and fragrant, with high caffeine content and strong irritation. The cultivated area is second only to the small seed species, and the main producing areas are Southeast Asia, India and Africa.

(3) Liberian species, namely large-grained species. Evergreen tree native to Liberia, Africa, with large, oblong fruit. The seed coat clings to the kernel and is scarlet when mature. The drinking flavor is strong, the caffeine content is medium, the irritation is strong, the quality is poor. The cultivated area is small and is distributed in Liberia, Malaysia, India and Indonesia.

(4) Esselsa. Originally from the Charlie River Basin in Africa, the fruit is small, the product is fragrant, slightly bitter and seldom cultivated.

The world coffee market is dominated by medium and small seeds, and small seeds are dominant in the world coffee market.

7. Quality specifications: quality specifications of imported coffee beans contract: see Table 1, mai 6, Mui 1.

Table 1 quality standards of the contract for imported coffee beans