History of introduction and expansion of Coffee in early China (1)

1. The introduction of Ruili Jingpo Nongxian coffee was recorded in 1914.

In April 1996, compiled by the compilation Committee of Ruili City Chronicles of Yunnan Province, the fifth section "Coffee" on page 383 of Ruili City Chronicles published by Sichuan Dictionary Publishing House recorded: "as early as 1914, the Jingpo nationality was introduced from Myanmar to Nongxian Township for cultivation." The local series of books of the people's Republic of China, Annals of Yunnan Province, Volume 39, Chapter 3, Section 2 Coffee, it is recorded: "Coffee cultivation in China began in Taipei in 1884 and was introduced in Hainan Island and southern Guangxi after 1908. In 1914, the Jingpo nationality was introduced from Myanmar to Nongxian Village in Ruili County, Yunnan Province for planting. In the 1930s, they were scattered in front and back of houses in some villages in Dehong Prefecture. In 1950, there were only more than 5000 coffee trees left in the province. these mother trees were the main source of seedlings for the development of coffee production in the province, and played an experimental and exemplary role. According to these two authoritative records of the province, it is an indisputable historical fact that Dehong Prefecture is the provenance of large-scale industrialization of coffee in Yunnan Province and even China. However, these two records lack the accurate textual research and basis of the introduction age and the historical process of how to propagate and spread.

Later, the author had the honor to read a paper entitled "Review and Prospect of Coffee Development in Yunnan" by Huang Junxiong and Zhang Xingcan of the Tropical Economic crops Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, which wrote that "in 1914, the border people of the Jingpo nationality were introduced and planted in Nongxian Village, Ruili County. At that time, the purpose of the introduction was to be cultivated as a courtyard for viewing, until the spring of 1952, when it was a branch of Mangshi, the agricultural experimental ground in Yunnan. The scientific and technological personnel (now the Institute of Tropical and Subtropical Economic crops of Yunnan Agricultural University) discovered during the social investigation that they collected more than 70 kilograms of fresh fruit and brought them back to Lujiangba in Baoshan City for trial planting, and found that they had good adaptability and many results. good quality, and thus continue to grow, in the 1950s to meet the needs of Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union, promoted the development of Lujiangba coffee in Baoshan City. Lujiangba has become the first small-seed coffee production base in the country. at present, the original species are still the leading varieties of small-grain coffee in Yunnan, with an area of more than 40,000 mu, of course, its original mother plant no longer exists. however, from the current field planting situation, its variety structure iron truck accounted for 83.6%, bourbon varieties accounted for 16.4%. At present, this batch of original seeds not only provide the demand for planting in the province, but also provide planting in Hainan, Guangdong and other places, but also continue to provide corresponding cultivation technical materials, making Lujiangba in Baoshan City become the scientific research center and birthplace of small seed coffee in China. It has played a positive role in coffee production. The description of Wuling in this passage is a convincing supplement to the historical process of the propagation and spread of coffee in Yunnan. However, the author still did not get a satisfactory answer to the introduction age of Yunnan coffee, so I started the investigation of the history of Jingpeng Nongxian coffee introduction.

In May 2009, the author investigated the history of coffee introduction in Ruili Jingpo Nongxian. Zhang Hongbo and Li Wenwei, two deputy directors of the Dehong Institute of Tropical Agricultural Sciences in Yunnan Province, said during the discussion: "on January 16, 2003, our director Zhang Hongbo and Li Wenwei led several scientific and technological personnel engaged in coffee research. Zhou Hua, director of the science office of the institute, Li Jinhong, director of the science office, Kui Xiangxian, and Zhang Xiaoyun, agronomist, went to the site of the original Nongxian Village, which is more than 1200 meters above sea level. We found more than 20 old coffee trees that are still alive today under the woods next to the bamboo forest, some with stems up to 40-50cm in diameter, and some with dry stems that can still blossom and bear fruit. We collected a kilogram of fresh coffee fruit for preservation and sample analysis.

Second, the argument that Ruili Jingpo Nongxian Coffee was introduced in 1908

The author consulted a lot of literature and found that the introduction age of Jingpo Nongxian coffee in Ruili City, Yunnan Province was expressed according to the Records of Ruili City in 1914. On May 7, 2009, with the help and support of Dehong Tropical Agricultural Science Research Institute of Yunnan Province, the author climbed the mountain and visited the ancient coffee tree in Nongxian Village. During this inspection, the author was surprised to see such a written record in Ruili's hot work: on April 11, 2004, the "Symposium on the Protection of the first introduced Coffee Mother Tree in Yunnan" was held. According to the record, "the former Hot work Technical guidance Center of Ruili Township Enterprise Bureau (Li Qiang, former director of Ruili Township Enterprise Bureau, Li Jianjun, former director of Ruili Township Enterprise Bureau, Zhang Ziyun, former director of Ruili Hot work Development Center, Zhang Hongbo, deputy director of Yunnan Dehong Tropical Agricultural Science Research Institute, and Le Wang, former director of Ruili Foreign Affairs Office) invited the institute to set up a monument to commemorate the coffee mother of Nongxian Village. By interviewing the Jingpo elderly, according to their memories and calculations, as well as the research of local Jingpo celebrities, it is agreed that the coffee mother tree was introduced from the Burmese Muba when the mountain official Zaoshan Nuokan (1890-1949), who was in charge of Nongxian area before liberation, got married at the age of 18 (that is, 1908). After investigation, it is found that the reason for the saying of "Ruili City Chronicles" in 1914 is that Nou Kan married two women. His first wife did not bear him any children, so in 1914 he went to Muba to marry a second wife. His second wife gave birth to a daughter named Nanmao, an 88-year-old man who now lives in Bamazhai on Mount Nankan, Myanmar.

23 people attended the forum: (ranked from left to right) Guo Yali (general branch secretary of Ruili Municipal Development and Reform Bureau); Pai Yunxiang (deputy secretary of Ruili discipline Inspection Commission and director of supervision); Le Bangan (late, former deputy director of the Bureau of Commerce); Pai Sheng (director of Ruili City people's Congress); Pai Chunyang (former deputy director of Ruili City people's Congress) Mei Duan (Makezhai villager, Huyu Township, Ruili City); Li Guangcan (Deputy Director of the Family Bureau of Ruili Citizens); Li Jianjun (Director of the Agricultural Environment Committee of Ruili City people's Congress); Mei La (Makezhai villager, Huyu Township, Ruili City); Dongpudou (Burmese teak merchant); Mao Lecheng (group leader of villagers in Guangkan, Ruili City); Wang Guangliang (Chairman of Trade Union of Dehong Institute of Tropical Agricultural Science, Yunnan Province); Zhang Ziyun (Deputy Director of Sugar Office of Ruili Municipal Bureau of Agriculture) Zhang Hongbo (Deputy Director of Dehong Tropical Agricultural Science Research Institute of Yunnan Province) and Tang Duan (Deputy Director of Huyu Township Agricultural Science and Technology Center of Ruili City). Zhan Tangla (Makezhai villager, Huyu Township, Ruili City); Chen Guobin (Deputy Director of Ruili City Promotion Station); Cun Yongfa (Director of Nongxian Village Committee, Huyu Township, Ruili City); Lewang (former Director of Foreign Affairs Office of Ruili City); Zhou Jian (former Secretary of Nongxian Village Committee, Huyu Township, Ruili City); Mei Helong (head of Makezhai villager Group, Huyu Township, Ruili City); Li Wenwei (Deputy Director of Yunnan Dehong Tropical Agricultural Science Research Institute).

The major breakthrough at this meeting lies in the fact that Mr. Paixian Nuohan, the last mountain official of the Jingpo nationality in China and former vice chairman of the Ruili Municipal Committee of the Chinese people's political Consultative Conference, said: "Nuokan (1890-1949) was a mountain official under the jurisdiction of Nongxian Mountain before liberation. According to the custom of Jingjing, the husband and wife should give the woman's family farm cattle or horses and blankets, while the woman's family should prepare seeds of fine crops, such as rice, corn, fruit wood, and so on. New varieties of high value, such as coffee, are of course the best. in addition, steel knives and steel guns should be given as compensation. At the age of 18, in 1908, he married and brought coffee seeds back to Nongxian Mountain.

3. The introduction history of Jingpo Nongxian Coffee was investigated before 1908.

With great interest, the author makes a textual research on whether Jingpo Nongxian Coffee was introduced in 1914 or 1908. Is it the coffee seed that Nocan introduced when he married his first wife or his second wife? Two important questions, on March 8, 2010, with the help and company of the leaders of the relevant departments of Ruili City and several experts of Dehong Tropical Agricultural Science Research Institute of Yunnan Province, Pen visited Paiju's hometown at No. 37, South Gate, Mengmao Town, Ruili City (the nephew of Nongxian Coffee introduced above, Nokan, 90 years old, former vice chairman of Ruili Municipal Committee of the Chinese people's political Consultative Conference. The author has a recording of a conversation with Pai Lao:

Q: "has your father-in-law, Nou Kan, ever married a wife with two wives?" Did he die in 1949? " Answer: "Nou Kan died in 1949 and is about to be liberated, 30 years older than me." He married his first wife, his companion mother, in 1908 and had no offspring. So he married a second wife in 1914 and gave birth to a daughter named Nanmao a few years later. The year before last, Nanmao's two daughters came to see me when they came back to worship their ancestors. "

Q: "then you have been with your uncle for a long time. Do you still remember whether it was his first wife or the second wife who brought the coffee seeds?" do you still remember the situation of Jingpo Nongxian coffee cultivation at that time? " A: "Yes, we got along for a long time. I was already in my 20s and it was time to remember." The two wives he married brought coffee seeds, which were planted not only in Nongxian, but everywhere. I remember growing coffee in Ruili's Huwa Mountain (now Huwa Village, Mengxiu Township, Ruili City), Longchuan Mangliang (now Mangliang Village, Longchuan County), Mengxiu Bangda, and other places. " Q: "did you drink coffee?" Have you ever had a coffee business in Burma? " A: "I have loved coffee since I was a child. Our Christian rules do not allow drinking, and we do not drink alcohol in civil activities such as weddings and funerals. Instead, we drink coffee. Coffee was widely used by the Jingpo people at that time. I have never done coffee business, only dried fish, cloth, salt and so on, but some people in Nongxian carry coffee to Nankan and Muba and sell it to them. The border people communicate freely and treat guests with coffee. The commercial trade of China (Ruili), Burma (Bamo) is prosperous, and the trade of coffee beans can be seen everywhere. At that time, coffee was mainly made in Bamo. "

(note: coffee seeds came as an important gift when Nou Kan married and began the planting history of Nongxian Coffee. Nou Kan's two wives both married coffee seeds, but the first wife (name companion mother) did not have any offspring. In the past, the introduction time of coffee was mistaken for marrying the second wife in 1914. In fact, the real introduction time should be 1908 when the first wife was married. Through the description of Pai Lao, it not only confirms the history of introducing coffee in 1908, but also provides us with such a historical fact. At that time, before Nou Kan married his wife and introduced coffee, Nongxian area already had a certain scale and planting sites in many surrounding places, and there were always sales. At that time, the fact that coffee was traded and circulated was logical. At that time, the border between China and Myanmar had not yet been demarcated, and they exchanged freely and frequently with each other. It can be inferred that it was already in the early stage of the development of coffee. In fact, the earliest introduction of Ruili Jingpo Nongxian coffee should be earlier than in 1908.

During the investigation of the introduction history of Nongxian coffee of Ruili Jingpo nationality, the author got an unexpected clue earlier than 1908, so he sat down with several experts from Dehong Tropical Agricultural Science Research Institute of Yunnan Province to analyze and discuss calmly. It is agreed that it is necessary to study the history of Jingpo Nongxian coffee planting before 1908. It is necessary to understand the geography of the Sino-Burmese border, border trade, people-to-people exchanges and the past and present of coffee cultivation in Muba in Myanmar. It is particularly necessary to study the history of Chinese coffee introduction and the cultural connotation of Chinese coffee development by combining Burmese coffee introduced by British missionaries with Chinese Jingpo coffee.

In view of this, in view of the general election in Myanmar, the situation is unstable. Through the contact of Mr. Li Jianjun of Ruili Municipal people's Congress (enthusiastic person of hot work), it is a great honor to have the support and meticulous arrangement of the platoon director of Ruili City people's Congress and the platoon director of the Municipal Supervision Bureau. On March 10, 2010, I invited the Grand Pastor de Maotongla and Burmese farmer Le Tuo Zao in Bamo County, Myanmar, to take the photos taken by the earliest and largest coffee tree in Muba on the same day. The branches, leaves and fresh fruits of the ancient coffee trees were picked and delivered to the Ruili Hotel at about 11:00 at night. The waiting directors of the platoon, Director Li, Director Weng, Zhang translator and experts from the Hot work Institute witnessed the branches, leaves and fresh fruits of the ancient coffee trees for more than 170 years, as well as the photos taken on the same day. And blossom and bear fruit every year. It is about 45 kilometers from the Banling port to the sub-large-grain coffee planting site in Muba Luwa, Myanmar. The fresh fruit of coffee was identified by experts of Dehong Institute of Tropical Agricultural Sciences in Yunnan Province: "the average size of fresh fruit (long 1.66cm, wide 1.527cm, thick 1.243cm), average leaf size (long 20cm, wide 10.5cm, thick 0.040cm), plant height 13m, stem diameter about 40cm. It is a big seed coffee.

According to two friends from Muba in Myanmar, many stockades in Muba have grown small seeds of coffee, so we were so happy that we decided to drive deep into Muba. On March 11, 2010, business was guided by two Burmese friends, Zhang Nuodong of Ruili Municipal Bureau of Agriculture as an interpreter, Zhou Hua, deputy director of Ruili Hot work Institute Zhang Hongbo, director of the Science Office, Zhou Hua, graduate student Bai Xuehui, driver Jiang Yuechun and the author's entourage of 8 people, drove more than 50 kilometers from Ruili to enter through Banling Port, 13 kilometers deep in Myanmar, and came to the small-grain coffee planting ground in Muba. After on-the-spot investigation and discussion with local farmers, it is learned that Burma Muba Kalong was introduced and planted on August 16, 1910. The area is located in longitude 97 °32 "36" east, latitude 24 °04 "15" north, and at an altitude of 1114 meters. At present, more than 2100 plants are alive in the area. There are also small seeds of coffee grown in Mubaba area, such as Maigong, Galui, Kaeng, Zamai, La'ao and so on. The owner of the Kayong village made coffee for us according to the usual habit, and at the same time we took back 800 grams of fresh fruit of the coffee to keep the hot place.

In Myanmar, we also made a special trip to inspect the century-old Christian church in Muba, and in a conversation with the archpastor de Maotongla, who preached in the church, he provided us with the first archbishop of English missionaries, Jingji, on January 27, 1837, the day he arrived in Muba, he planted a coffee tree for his own drinking. Other early missionaries who entered Muba England were: Karongji (1881-1883), Manju (July 1873), and Gu Qing (December 22, 1876).

When we come to the first century-old school in China and Myanmar to spread Kachin culture, we have to mention the pioneers of Jingpo culture. according to historical records, the foreign missionary HanSOn was born in Sweden and came to the United States at the age of 16. He is good at languages and knows Swedish, English, German, Greek and Hebrew languages. He arrived at Bamomba Dam in 1890 and created Kachin based on the Roman alphabet. After 1892, he translated the Bible into Kachin, which was officially published in 1906. Hansen also wrote textbooks and grammar books in Kachin. Hansen himself lived in the Kachin area for 38 years (1890-1928) and worked among the Jingpo people in China. There is also a priest in Mengba, du Monuo, who has done a lot of work for Hansen to create Jingpo characters. In March 1993, a grand commemoration was held in Mubaba to celebrate the 100th anniversary of the creation of Jingpo characters. During this period, Hansen and Dumonuo are the characters we all remember together. Thus it can be seen that Western missionaries frequently entered the Sino-Burmese border area of Muba and had close contacts with the Jingpo people in China, so, at that time, it is entirely possible to say that "some people carry coffee to Nankan and Muba to sell to them" and that the earliest introduction of the Nongxian village of the Jingpo nationality in China should have been earlier than in 1908.

During the Ruili Nongxian inspection, the author was also pleasantly surprised to learn that there is still a 107-year-old living among the Jingpo people, who has lived in Muba in Myanmar for more than 80 years and has only moved back to Ruili in 1986. Her grandson, Weng Cao, is now the director of the village committee of Huyu Village. Under the translation of Director Weng and Mr. Ke Zhang Nuodong, an assistant agronomist of the Municipal Agricultural Bureau, the author has the following audio and video conversation with the elderly in Jingpo:

Q: "I want to know about the old man. When you were in Muba, Myanmar, did you see coffee growing when you were sensible?" Answer: "at that time, there were already three kinds, tea, sour jujube and coffee. I have seen them since I was a child." Q: "have you ever seen Muba sell coffee, trade coffee, do this kind of business?" Answer: "at that time, I didn't sell it. I grew my own drink."

Q: "do you remember how old you are now? have you ever seen foreign missionaries?" A: "I am 107 years old this year. (note: the date of birth in the domestic hukou book is 1906). I also had a hukou in Myanmar and was burned by Myanmar. I met foreigners at that time, and they came to preach. " Q: "did you drink coffee before?" A: "I used to drink coffee. When I was with Gaozu, I drank coffee with milk."

IV. The conclusion that the age of coffee introduction of Jingpo nationality should be locked in 1893.

With regard to the age when coffee was first introduced by the Jingpo nationality in Ruili, Yunnan, the age that can be locked in is 1893. To sum up, and according to one: the memories and testimonies of the old people of China and Myanmar that coffee was grown in many places in Ruili Jingpo area before 1908. According to two: Jing Po Wen's exploration began in 1834 by Mr. Brownson. The early coffee introduction in Burma Muba was on January 27th, 1837, when it was introduced by Eugienio Kincaid, the first Archbishop of British missionaries, for his own drinking habits, and then the Jingpo people on the border between China and Myanmar gradually began to grow coffee. It is proved that the reason for the early introduction and spread of Jingpo coffee is that "the Jingpo people live across borders". Although they live in different countries, they visit their relatives and friends, intermarry each other, and have never been interrupted, and the relationship is very close. However, after Jingpowen came into being, the contact is more convenient and closer than before. The characters have an important influence and great promotion on the political, economic and cultural development of the Jingpo people and the early introduction and spread of Jingpo coffee. According to three: according to historical records, Dr.Ola Hanson hte Ma Ma, a foreign missionary, arrived at Muba on the Sino-Burmese border in 1890. From 1890 to 1893, Hansen often went deep into the Ruili Jingpo area to communicate, and translated the Bible into Kachin (that is, Jingpo language). Thus coffee was introduced into the Ruili Jingpo area with the creation and spread of Christian culture and religious rules and Jingpo characters. Through investigation and demonstration, it is concluded that the age of the early introduction of coffee by the Jingpo nationality in Ruili, Yunnan should be locked in 1893, which is more in line with the history of the Jingpo nationality. Because the Jingpo people introduced coffee and Jingpowen (that is, Burmese Kachin) are both the products of foreign missionaries.