Planting and cultivation of Coffee

1. Seed reproduction

(1)Seed collection, washing and storage

In the mature period of coffee (the mature period of medium-grain coffee in Hainan Island is February to March, and the mature period of small-grain coffee is September to November), fully mature fruits are picked from healthy and high-yield mother trees to make seeds. After the fruit is picked, it is immediately peeled and washed. The method is to put the fruit on hard and rough ground, grind the peel with bricks, or remove the peel with peeling machine, then put it in water to remove the peel, take out the seeds, add ashes and stir, and then put it in water to wash the colloid on the surface of the seeds. During seed washing, be careful not to crush the seed shell to avoid affecting germination. The germination rate of seeds without seed shell is only 54%, but the germination rate of seeds with seed shell can reach more than 80%. After washing, the seeds should be dried in a ventilated place and not exposed to sunlight. When the seeds are exposed to moisture content of 15%, the germination rate will decrease significantly. Dry seeds should not be stored for a long time. Medium-sized coffee, stored for more than three months, will lose germination power. Arabica coffee, seed harvest period in September to November, after the harvest is low temperature winter, seeds can be stored until February to March of the following year, but should be placed in a cool and dry place, and often check to prevent mildew.

① Selection of nursery land: It is advisable to choose loam or sandy loam close to water source, good drainage, fertile, deep soil layer and loose soil as nursery land.

② Soil preparation and basal fertilizer application: the nursery soil should be fully ploughed and finely divided, deeply ploughed 20~25 cm, picked up and removed stone, grass roots and sundries, and then raised, the width of the ridge surface is 1 meter, the width of the path between the ridges is 50 cm, the east-west direction of the flat ridge surface is 5000~10000 jin, and the calcium superphosphate is 50~100 jin. The fertilizer is required to be fully decomposed and mixed evenly with the soil.

3. Shed: Coffee seedlings are not resistant to strong light and must be shaded. Shades are divided into large and small. The large shade shed is 180~200 cm high and the area can range from several minutes to several acres. Small shade shed 80~100 cm high, each bed cover one. The large shade shed is convenient to manage and uniform in light transmission, but it is difficult to obtain materials. But also available shading net, small shade management is not convenient, seedlings by uneven light, but the material is easy to solve. For these two kinds of shade, each place can be erected according to local conditions. If plastic bags are used to raise seedlings, it is best to use large shade sheds to make full use of the land.

4. Sowing germination: coffee seeds need a long time from sowing to unearthing. If they are seeded directly, there are many flower workers, the buds are inconsistent, and the growth is irregular. It is best to adopt germination transplanting method, that is, the seeds are concentrated on the sand bed until the seedlings appear before the true leaves, transplanted to the nursery. The specific method is as follows: after soil preparation, spread fine sand about 1 inch thick on the surface of the ridge to make a sand bed, cover the sand bed with shade, maintain 80~90% shade, and then spread seeds evenly on the sand bed. Sowing quantity is about 1.5 square meters, sowing 1 jin seeds, the distance between seeds is about 1 cm, pressing seeds slightly with a plate to make the seeds fully contact with sand, covering a layer of sand above, the thickness is invisible, covering a thin layer of grass, and fully watering. After a day of watering, keep moist, 40~60 days later, seedlings can be unearthed. When a small number of seedlings emerge, the mulch must be removed to allow the seedlings to emerge and grow.

(5) Transplanting: Transplanting standard: After the seeds are unearthed, the cotyledons have been spread to the true leaves and the forward seedlings have not yet grown, because at this time the seedlings have started the first to second round of lateral roots, and the seedlings recover and grow faster after transplanting. Before transplanting seedlings, the sand bed should be drenched with water first. During seedling raising, root system should be protected as much as possible, and seedlings should be cut at the same time. And pay attention to keep the seedling roots moist. Plant spacing depends on variety and seedling age. Arabica can be planted at a spacing of 20×20 cm, medium-grain coffee can be planted at a spacing of 20×20 cm, and seedlings can be planted at a spacing of 25×25 cm or 25×30 cm. When transplanting, the taproot should not be bent, and the too long taproot can be appropriately truncated. When returning soil, it should be compacted layer by layer to make the root system fully contact with the soil. After transplanting, it should be showered with enough root fixing water.

If plastic bags are used for seedlings, every 2 to 3 plants are arranged in a row, and a path 25 to 30 cm wide is left between the rows to facilitate watering and to make the seedlings have enough space to grow without excessive growth. Seedling bag specifications: 14×22 or 15×24 cm, the current year can be smaller, the next year can be larger. The nutrient soil of the seedling bag can be matched with a certain amount of organic fertilizer and calcium superphosphate according to the fertilizer application standard of the seedbed soil.

Things to note when transplanting seedlings:

According to different sizes of seedlings were planted separately.

Transplanting depth should be the same as the original germination bed depth, not too deep, so as not to affect seedling growth.

Do not bend the taproot.

After transplanting seedlings, sprinkle enough root-fixing water.

Nursery management: watering and fertilization: sufficient water and fertilizer is the key to ensure rapid growth of seedlings. After transplanting, water once a day to keep the soil moist. When the true leaves are extracted, the number of watering times can be reduced according to the soil moisture status. At the same time, the first fertilization is carried out, and then fertilization is carried out every 10 to 15 days. The fertilizer can be fully decomposed water and fertilizer made of pig manure and green manure. Seedling stage, fertilizer concentration should not be too high, with the growth of seedlings, can gradually increase the concentration. When applying chemical fertilizer, it can be dissolved in water and applied, but the appropriate concentration should be mastered. Chemical fertilizer should not contact leaves. If chemical fertilizer is applied dry, special attention should be paid. One month before seedling planting, should stop watering fertilizer, at the same time remove shade, in order to exercise seedlings.

Weeding and loosening: due to frequent watering and fertilization, the soil is easy to harden, weeds are also many, must always pay attention to weeding and loosening.

Cover: Where there are conditions, it is best to cover with death. It can keep soil moist, prevent hardening, reduce loosening and weeding, and is a good organic fertilizer after mulch decay.

Regulation of shade: The amount of light required by seedlings increases with seedling growth. The shade degree should be controlled at 70~80% before 3 pairs of true leaves are sprouted, at 50~60% when 3~6 pairs of true leaves are sprouted, and at 20~30% before the first pair of branches are sprouted or transplanted, so that the seedlings can be trained before transplanting.

2. Asexual reproduction

Medium seed coffee is a cross-pollinated crop. The variation of seed progeny is large. In the same garden, the variation of yield per plant is very significant. Therefore, the method of asexual reproduction is used to cultivate seedlings of excellent mother trees, so that the yield of offspring is increased, the fruit yield is maintained, the uniformity of coffee fruit and coffee bean quality is maintained, and the excellent varieties are not degraded. Most coffee producing countries in the world have adopted asexual propagation methods, mainly in the medium seed.

Asexual propagation can be divided into cuttage and bud grafting two kinds.

(1)cutting propagation

1. Establishment of propagation nursery Asexual propagation of coffee requires a large number of straight branches and buds as materials for cutting and budding. In order to speed up propagation, propagation nurseries are established. The secondary planting density of propagation seedlings was 1.5 m ×1 m, and different clones were planted in different branches.

(2) The preparation of cuttage materials should use straight branches, not a branch, because the new plants grown after a branch cuttage can only crawl and grow, and cannot grow into straight coffee trees.

Cutting should be green, not cork, leaves have been fully old hot, strong straight bud pair under the second to third section, not semi-cork and cork straight branch. The leaves of the cuttings are left four wide (about 6~8 cm), each section of cuttings is 4~6 cm long, and the cuttings are cut into two, each with a leaf, and the incision is obliquely cut smooth.

3 Preparation of the bed generally use sand bed, thickness 40~50 cm, the lower part with coarse sand, the upper part with medium fine sand, the bed should have 80~90% shade. Wash the sand before use, or mix it with 1/2 coconut bran. The rooting rate of cuttings was high when spraying equipment was used, but the equipment cost was high.

Cuttings can be inserted obliquely or directly, and the cutting depth is buried to the leaf node. 10~15 cm in a row, with leaves not shielding each other as the standard. After planting, water should be poured thoroughly to make cuttings closely contact with sand. After cutting, plastic film should be covered on the cutting bed to reduce water evaporation and improve the rooting rate of cuttings. When covering plastic film, bend it into an arch with iron wire or bamboo, insert it at the edge of the sand bed, cover it with plastic film, and then compact it to keep the humidity in the bed. If spraying equipment is used, it is not covered with plastic film.

(5) The management after cutting is mainly to drench water and prevent diseases, and it is required to maintain a higher air humidity and a lower temperature in the cutting bed. Don't drench too much water to avoid cuttings decay or disease. In order to prevent the occurrence of disease, after cutting can spray 1:1000 carbendazim, if there is disease later, spray 1 to 2 times.

6. The new roots grow to 3~4 cm after about 60 days of transplanting cuttings. Although it is convenient to transplant seedlings at this time, it is best to transplant when the roots of cuttings grow out of the second round of lateral roots (about 90 days after insertion). Transplanting seedlings should be carefully handled because the roots are fragile and easy to break.

Cuttings without roots continue to be inserted into the sand bed, and then transplanted again after rooting. The management of transplanted or bagged cuttings is the same as that of seed seedlings. When 5~7 pairs of leaves are cultivated in the nursery, the first pair of branches will grow. At this time, they can be planted.

(2)Grafting grafting methods available bud grafting and cleavage two kinds.

① Bud grafting method: With annual seedlings, wipe the soil at the base of the stem, and then open a bud grafting position of 2.5~3.5 cm in length, select fully developed nodes from excellent mother trees or propagation nurseries, cut buds with a small amount of xylem, put them into the bud grafting position, tie them with binding bands, open the bud points after 20 days, 30~40 bud opening joints have healed, all tie up, and cut off the rootstocks after 5 days of survival seedlings. If they do not survive, they will bud again.

(2) Splitting method: Take annual seedlings as rootstock. When splitting, cut the rootstock at 10~ 15cm from the ground, cut 3~ 5cm long incision vertically in the middle of the cut, select straight branches consistent with the rootstock size, cut them at 3~ 4cm below the node, cut the scion base into wedge shape, insert them into the rootstock incision, pay attention to the positive cambium layer, tie them tightly with binding tape, in order to improve the survival rate, wrap the scion with binding tape, 20 at the rear bud point, 30~40 days after the scion is fully untied.

③ Management of grafted seedlings After grafting survival, it is necessary to cultivate seedlings in the nursery to meet the planting standards before planting. In addition to the management of grafted seedlings and seed seedlings, attention must be paid to the protection of new buds and timely removal of rootstock buds.

Before grafting seedlings to fully drench water, grafting drench water to be careful, do not drench to the interface.