The Historical Progress of Coffee in China: how did Coffee enter China?

The history of coffee introduced into China is not long, and it was not until 1884 that coffee was first planted in Taiwan. In the mainland, the earliest coffee cultivation began in Yunnan. At the beginning of the 20th century, French missionaries brought the first batch of coffee saplings to Binchuan County, Yunnan Province, and coffee began to be grown on the mainland.

In terms of natural conditions, many parts of China are very close to Latin America, South America, India, Indonesia and other places, with congenital conditions for coffee cultivation. However, Chinese people have been drinking tea for thousands of years. As the origin of tea in the world, there is more or less resistance to coffee as a foreign beverage in consumption habits and concepts. Therefore, for a long time after coffee was introduced into China, coffee cultivation did not receive enough attention, and the expansion was extremely slow.

Until recent years, with the impact of foreign culture and way of life, people's drinks have become increasingly diversified, coffee has entered more and more of the lives of ordinary people, and coffee cultivation has gradually developed. China's coffee consumption is rising year by year, forming a huge potential consumer market.

The great potential of China's coffee market can not be ignored. Some internationally renowned coffee companies have chosen Shanghai as their production base and adopted a long-term strategy to expand the Chinese market. At the same time, China is also actively cultivating its own coffee planting base. Yunnan Province in China is very close to the coffee growing areas of Colombia, in which Simao, Lincang, Dehong, Baoshan and other areas have begun to develop coffee planting industry, and the quality of small-grain coffee has been fully affirmed by international coffee organizations. Industry insiders predict that in the near future, these regions will fill the gap in China in the world coffee planting map.

Today, there are considerable coffee planting bases in Yunnan, Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong and other provinces in China, and some world-famous coffee companies, such as Maxwell, Nestl é, Colombia and so on, have set up branches in China. They not only sell coffee products to China, but also purchase coffee beans from coffee planting bases in China, which not only promote coffee sales in China, but also promote the development of coffee planting industry.

In the 1930s, the earliest cafe in Shanghai opened on the Bund for foreign sailors to enjoy their coffee, perhaps with a sense of relieving homesickness. Coffee at that time was called "cough potion" by Shanghainese. Of course, this is just a segment of the Shanghai Cafe. In Shanghai at that time, there were many overseas Chinese who returned from overseas. They kept the habit of drinking coffee in their lives-not just going to the cafe. More often, they taste strong coffee in their own restaurant or living room.

But activities such as coffee and afternoon tea have changed since 1949. Before the 1980s, coffee was a strange word and a strange thing for most Chinese people. Although during the Cultural Revolution, there were 3.4 yuan cans of Shanghai coffee on the shelves of Xidan Mall. And in the 1970s, some foreign-related hotels began to have their own coffee shops, but they needed foreign exchange coupons to pay, and it was clear that they were for foreign guests-the place and price of coffee were far away from ordinary people. It was not until the 1980s that people became familiar with coffee from advertisements. Instant coffee, for most people, they went through about a decade or so, thinking that "instant coffee is coffee". At that time, glass bottles containing "Nestle" or "McDonnell's" were often placed in cabinets or used as cups for owners to drink water in the office-and not just because they were thick and thick.

While Nestl é and Maxwell are promoting instant coffee to Chinese consumers, they are also investing in coffee plantations in Yunnan. In the late 1990s, most of the instant coffee drunk by Chinese people came from Yunnan. The move reduced production costs for the two foreign companies, but did not contribute much to the promotion of Yunnan coffee.

For Chinese people, for a long time, "coffee" and "instant coffee" are two interchangeable terms. Until the entry of Starbucks in the United States and teahouses in Hong Kong, people began to realize that coffee was not instant coffee, but something else. What is it? It is a stylish, Starbucks abstract painting, jazz and aggressive coffee aroma, and a half-tea and half-coffee drink in a teahouse such as "Yuanyang". Served in exquisite white porcelain plates, it is served with dishes by the waiter. The former, because it is more exotic and fashionable, has become another noun for coffee after "instant coffee". Most of the signs of "coffee and language tea" appear in cafes opened by Taiwanese or Singaporeans, which originally means that they drink coffee but are full of a casual "tea attitude". The atmosphere and feeling are still old teahouse-style social performances.

The cultivation of coffee in China

Coffee in Taiwan

Taiwan is located in the subtropics, the territory is mountainous, and there is an obvious rainy season, so it is a good growing environment for coffee.

However, since the introduction of coffee trees by the British during Guang Xu's years, the planting scale has not been large. At present, there are still small-scale plantations. There are Huisun Forest Farm (more than 1,000 meters above sea level) in Nantou Mountain area, Hebao Mountain in Yunlin Ancient Keng (294 meters above sea level), Kenting Park (above Arabica species), Department of Horticulture of National Taiwan University, Chiayi Agricultural Experimental Institute (above Liberia species) and Heng the Spring Equinox of the Provincial Forestry Experimental Institute (both). The coffee bean flavor of Hebao Mountain is similar to that of Central and South American beans, with a soft sour taste and good texture, and the taste is balanced, while the coffee beans of Huisun Forest Farm are said to be weak in acidity. In the past, there were about 300 hectares of coffee trees in Taiwan, but all the products were consumed locally. At present, American coffee has been successfully grown in Taiwan, which shows that the coffee industry can develop in the region for a long time.

Coffee is in Hainan

"White jade carved green leaves, coral beads United, braving the rain to see the coffee, lingering can not bear to return. The flowers often bring rain, and the smell is as strong as milk. The mountain birds call at night and pick up fallen pearls in the Ming Dynasty. " This is a "Bodhisattva Man" depicting the coffee garden. Anyone who has been to the coffee garden will applaud the author's poem. The scenery of the coffee garden on Hainan Island is charming, and the coffee produced in Hainan Island is also fragrant.

Coffee originated in tropical Africa, belongs to Rubiaceae perennial woody plants, the tree potential is not high, is a shrub or small tree type. Most of the soil in Hainan Province is latosol formed by weathering of granite and basalt, and the content of organic matter in the surface layer is 1.8%, 3.5%, which is very suitable for coffee growth. As early as 1898, overseas Chinese introduced coffee seedlings and planted them in Shilenpo Village, Nanyang Town, Wenchang City. In 1908, overseas Chinese introduced coffee and planted it near Nada Town in Jindan County. In 1935, overseas Chinese set up a Fumin Reclamation Company in Fushan Town, Chengmai County, planted coffee in a large area and began to produce commercial coffee. However, due to various reasons, Hainan coffee always has ups and downs. By 1979, the planting area of the province was only 5100 mu, with an annual output of 36 tons of dried beans (after the third Plenary session of the 11th CPC Central Committee, Hainan's coffee production achieved sustained and stable development).

Hainan coffee was first introduced into the middle seed species, known as Robashi seed abroad, planted in Fushan Town of Chengmai County and Xinglong overseas Chinese Farm of Wanning County. This kind of coffee has been domesticated under the local conditions of Hainan, and its quality has undergone subtle changes, such as stir-frying and brewing, and its smell is mellow and delicious. When Comrade Zhou Enlai came to Hainan to inspect his work, he drank Xinglong coffee and praised it as a good product. The coffee technician of New York General Food Co., Ltd. came to Hainan to inspect coffee production, brought his own coffee tasting utensils, and made Hainan seed coffee by himself. After trying it, he thought that the taste was mellow, irritating, and more in line with the taste of the majority of users. it can be seen that Hainan coffee has formed its own unique flavor and won praise at home and abroad.

Yunnan Coffee

1. The growth and development of Yunnan coffee.

The history of coffee cultivation in Yunnan can be traced back to 1892. A French missionary brought coffee to Yunnan from abroad and successfully planted it in a valley in Binchuan County, Yunnan Province. In Binchuan County, more than 30 coffee plants of this batch of coffee seeds are still blooming and bearing fruit.

Yunnan coffee was planted on a large scale in the mid-1950s, with a planting scale of 4000 hectares at one time. By the end of 1997, the planting area of coffee in the province had reached 7800 hectares. At present, the planting area of the province accounts for 70% of the national area, and the output accounts for 83% of the whole country. Yunnan coffee has established its leading position in China in terms of planting area and coffee bean production. Yunnan coffee is a variant of Arabian original species, which has been cultivated for more than one hundred years after long-term cultivation and domestication.

The western and southern parts of Yunnan Province are located between 15 degrees north latitude and the Tropic of Cancer, and most areas are 1000-2000 meters above sea level. The topography is dominated by mountains and slopes, with large undulation, fertile soil, sufficient sunshine, rich rainfall and great temperature difference between day and night. Just have all kinds of conditions.

According to the determination of experts, small seed coffee should be planted in the mountains at an altitude of 1800 meters. If the altitude is too high, it will taste sour, and if it is too low, it will taste bitter. Yunnan coffee is mostly planted in dry and hot valleys at an altitude of 1100 meters above sea level, so it has a moderate sour taste, rich and mellow aroma. In terms of climatic conditions, the long light time in southern Yunnan is conducive to plant growth and photosynthesis, and the large temperature difference between day and night and low temperature at night are conducive to the accumulation of coffee nutrients. Therefore, the effective nutrients of Yunnan small-grain coffee is higher than that of other foreign coffee varieties. In addition, small seed coffee is easy to be infected with rust, which deeply affects the yield and quality of embroidery disease. In the hot area of Yunnan, due to the distinct dry and wet, the red ripening of fresh fruit enters the dry season every year, and the relative humidity is low, which is not conducive to the formation and growth of rust blister. Due to these unique geographical and climatic conditions, Yunnan coffee is strong but not bitter, fragrant but not strong, with a little fruit flavor.

As early as the 1950s, Yunnan small seed coffee was very popular in the international coffee market. World-class coffee experts evaluated Yunnan coffee as the best coffee in the world, and its cultivation techniques and per unit yield were also world-class. Due to the excellent quality of Yunnan coffee, Lujiang No.1 entered the London market in the 1960s and was rated as a first-class product. In recent years, the world-famous coffee companies such as Nestle and McDonnell have come to Yunnan to open up raw material bases, and the products produced in Yunnan are also gradually famous at home and abroad. At present, the average yield of coffee in Yunnan has reached 96.4 kg. A household contracted land in Lujiang set a world record of 400 kilograms.

2. Coffee producing areas and main varieties in Yunnan

Yunnan coffee is mainly distributed in 11 prefectures and cities, such as Baoshan, Simao, Yuxi and Dehong.

Yunnan mainly grows small-grain coffee, including "Kent S288", "Tiebika" and "Bobang". These varieties are very popular with consumers because of their good adaptability, high yield and mellow taste. Tibika and Bobang, two classic high-quality coffee varieties, are the main cultivated varieties of coffee in Yunnan, which belong to the variety of Arabian species (also known as small-grain species). Because the morphology and habits of the two varieties are similar, the two varieties are mostly mixed. The tender leaves of wave top buds are green, called green top coffee, and the top leaves of Tiebika are red copper, called red top coffee. Originally from Africa, Ethiopia. It was first introduced from Burma by the border people of Ruili in 1914 and planted in Nongxian Village. The variety has good adaptability and high yield of 150-200 kg per mu. Taste mellow, is a high-quality variety, but extremely susceptible to rust and vulnerable to longicorn beetles, suitable for planting in dry and hot valleys. In 1994, the province planted 870 hectares (accounting for 25% of the coffee planting area), with an output of 735 tons. It is mainly distributed in Lujiangba area of Baoshan.

Yunnan Baoshan top (AA) Bobang coffee, although top, but we can see in the processing machinery still need to go further, broken, damaged coffee beans are still a little bit. Because it is a new bean, the water content is relatively large, so there is more quality loss after baking. In order to achieve a more uniform roasting effect of coffee, the amount of raw beans is 7.5 ounces, about 213 grams, slightly less than the maximum roasting amount. The room temperature is about 24 degrees centigrade.

Source: micro headlines