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The Guanacaster Nature Reserve in Costa Rica is an important natural habitat that maintains biodiversity, including the best dryland forest habitats, biological communities from Central America to northern Mexico, and major endangered plants and animals. The land and coastal environment of the place is important for ecological activities, including the evolution, continuation and restoration of tropical dryland forests in the Pacific; highland migration, other interactive biological and ecological activities, and the rise and development of coral populations and reefs.

Basic Information / Guanacaster Nature Reserve

Guanacaster Nature Reserve, Costa Rica

Atlas of rare species in Guanacaster Nature Reserve

English name: Guanacaster Nature Reserve

English name: AreadeConservaciGuanacaste

Selection time: 19992004

Selection basis: n (ii) (iv)

Geographical location: N1051W8537

Estate number: 928

The Guanacaster Nature Reserve is located in northwestern Costa Rica. it extends from Costa Rica 12 miles from the Pacific Ocean, crosses the inland along the lowlands along the Pacific coast, crosses three volcanoes, and then subducts to the lowlands. The total length is about 105 kilometers. In 1999, the Guanakast Nature Reserve was listed as a World Natural Heritage site by UNESCO. The reserved area covers a land area of 88000 hectares and a marine area of 43000 hectares, which are not included in the 3000 to 5000 hectares subsequently designated as protected areas. The highest elevation of Guanacaster Nature Reserve is 1916 meters. The Guanakast Nature Reserve includes a series of volcanic areas, the most famous of which is the Rincon-Delabeha volcano, which has three craters and a lagoon. The last volcanic eruption was observed in the 1970s, but there is still a crater erupting all the time, and another 32 rivers and 16 geysers originate near the volcano. The western topography of the reserve is carbonate rock, the rock coastal area is mainly sedimentary topography, and salt lakes are more common in the seaside area. Guanacaster Nature Reserve has a hot climate, and every year from May to October is accompanied by a long rainy season, with annual precipitation as high as 1528 mm and an average annual temperature of 28 degrees Celsius. April to May is the hottest month on the reserve. The Guanacaster Mountains (Guanacaste,Cordillerade) A section of the continental divide in northwest Costa Rica. From northwest to southeast, it is 113km (70 mi) long, with the highest point 2020 m (6627 ft) above sea level. The Arenal volcano erupted in 1968, covering the entire area and destroying pastures, killing 100000 cattle. The mountains of northwestern Costa Rica. It extends roughly along the border between Guanacaster and Alajuela provinces, running northwest-southeast, with a length of about 113 km. It is mainly composed of andesite. There are four famous active volcanoes, of which Mount Miravayes is 2020 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak of the mountain range. Most of the hillsides are covered with forests, and there is intensive agriculture on the banks of Lake Arenar, growing coffee and sugar cane.

Physical Geography / Guanacaster Nature Reserve

Guanacaster Nature Reserve is located in Central America, 10 degrees north latitude and 84 degrees west longitude. It is bordered by the Caribbean Sea to the east and the North Pacific Ocean to the west, with a coastline of 1290 km (212km on the east coast and 1016 km on the west coast). The Guanacaster Nature Reserve borders Nicaragua in the north (309 km long border) and Panama A (639 km long border) south-southeast. There are a total of 51100 square kilometers, including 50660 square kilometers of territory and 440 square kilometers of territorial sea, which is slightly smaller than West Virginia in the United States and equivalent to Ireland. The topography of Costa Rica is that the coast is surrounded by plains, while the middle is cut off by rugged mountains. The country declared 200 nautical miles in its exclusive economic zone and 12 nautical miles in its territorial sea. The climate belongs to the tropics and subtropics, and some of them are new tropics. Costa Rica's climatic conditions are very different, completely subverting the classification of the four seasons of the year, there are only two seasons, April to December is winter, with more rainfall, and from the end of December to April the following year is the dry season, also known as summer. The annual average temperature in San Jose, the capital, ranges from 15 degrees Celsius to 26 degrees Celsius, while temperatures in coastal areas are relatively high, with an average night temperature of 21 degrees Celsius in the Caribbean and a daily average temperature of 30 degrees Celsius.

The pre-Paleozoic to Mesozoic Triassic strata are well developed in Guanacaster Nature Reserve, Costa Rica, and the Mesozoic Jurassic, Cretaceous and Cenozoic Tertiary strata are missing. The distribution of the strata is roughly bounded by the Pitiao River, Paleozoic strata in the southeast and Mesozoic Triassic strata in the northwest. The metamorphic clastic rocks of the Silurian Maoxian Group are exposed in a large area in the southeast, whose lithology is gray-green sericite phyllite, silver-gray sandy phyllite with thin layers of quartzite and thin-layer and lenticular crystalline limestone. There are Devonian and Carboniferous ─ Permian strata near the Pitiao River. The former is unmetamorphic gray and dark gray thin layer limestone with argillaceous limestone An intercalated with carbonaceous facitic rock and sandstone, while the latter is medium thick layered limestone with phyllite, carbonaceous phyllite and crystalline limestone with sandy conglomerate. There are scattered dew Ordovician gray medium-thick feldspar quartz sandstone, quartz sandstone and sandy slate in Sanjiangkou area. Triassic strata are widely distributed in the northwest, with lithology of feldspar quartz sandstone, slate, carbonaceous phyllite, thin limestone and fine siltstone, etc., and Devonian strata exposed on the axis of the anticline. Its lithology is carbonaceous phyllite, sandy phyllite intercalated with quartzite and clastic limestone. A small amount of Carboniferous ── Permian strata are distributed in Dengsheng area, and its lithology is dominated by carbonaceous phyllite and crystalline limestone sandstone. The loose deposits of Quaternary are mainly fluvial deposits, debris flow deposits and moraine. The fluvial deposits are mainly distributed in the piziao river valley and each tributary valley. A large number of debris flow deposits are distributed at the mouth of debris flow gully, such as Huahongshu Gully, Longyan Gully A, Daweijia Gully and so on. Ancient moraine is distributed in the ancient glacial valley in the upper reaches of the Pi Tiao River to Yangping and in the ancient glacial valley in the upper reaches of the Zhenghe River, while modern moraine is developed in the modern glacial valley. In addition, Chengjiang ── Jinning diorite and granodiorite are distributed in a large area in the northeast of Guanacaster Nature Reserve. There is Yanshanian granite in the western Siguniang Mountain.

Main vegetation / Guanacaster Nature Reserve

The main vegetation in the reserve is the dryland forest region, which covers an area of about 60000 hectares. There are about 20 different kinds of biological zones growing on different soil environments and slopes in this forest area. The main vegetation types in Guanacaster Nature Reserve are: (a) dominant mixed deciduous forest with some fig trees and mangroves; (b) evergreen trees along rivers and flooded areas; (c) prairie dominated by mangrove grass and sparsely distributed bushes; (d) oak forest and steppe containing oak plants; (e) mangroves. In addition, there are some beach plants in the reserve area. There are four different types of vegetation in the Rinkong-Delabeha volcano area: the first is tropical oak trees, mountain olive fruit trees and Toona sinensis growing in barren soil erosion; the second is a wide variety of wetland plants; the third is rainforest plants that change with the land type; and the fourth is dwarf rainforest plants. The forest area is covered with clouds all the year round, and the trees are generally small because of the strong wind and poor soil. In addition, there are eight species of mangroves growing in the mangroves in the forest area, and these mangroves are well preserved.

Guanacaster main species / Guanacaster Nature Reserve, Costa Rica

According to records, since 1973, the species of vertebrates, insects and aquatic animals in Guanacaster Nature Reserve has gradually increased. There are a variety of protected animal species in the reserve, including well-known mammals such as white-tailed deer, white-billed wild boar, American tapir, white-faced monkey, spider-eating monkey, howler monkey, anteater, jaguar, Central American tiger cat and South American tiger cat. There are more than 500 species of birds in the reserve, of which the most common species are macaw, American white-spotted quail, Chinese-American crown pheasant, blue-winged duck, water heron, American stork, egret, falcon and so on. A small number of caimans and bay crocodiles were also found in the estuary of the reserve. During the sea turtle mating season (October to December each year), more than 250000 sea turtles inhabit the protected beaches, most of them are olive scale turtles, green turtles, leatherback turtles and hawksbill turtles. There are more than 12000 species of nematodes, more than 20000 species of beetles and more than 13000 species of bees in Guanacaster Nature Reserve.

Santa Rosa Manor, built from 1580 to 1600, is one of the earliest and largest cattle farms in the region. In 1856, Santa Rosa was the address of the Battle of Santa Rosa. In 1966, Costa Rica celebrated its independence at Santa Rosa Manor. Santa Rosa Manor originally focused on raising mules, which were mainly used to transport goods. Later, the ranch of the manor was mainly used to raise cattle, while beef became food for workers from Nicaragua and Guatemala who worked in the local indigo factory. Santa Rosa National Park has become the most popular tourist attraction in the Guanacaster Nature Reserve, often attracted by the historic site and the gathering of thousands of sea turtles on the beach. In 1997, the number of visitors to Santa Rosa National Park reached 64000, half of whom were from Costa Rica.

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