How Many Coffee Species Are Grown for Commercial Use?

Ever wondered why nearly every cup of coffee you’ve ever had comes from just one or two types of beans? With over 60 known species in the Coffea genus, you might assume a huge diversity of commercial options. But in reality, the coffee industry relies on only a tiny fraction of these plants. So, which ones are actually grown—and why?

In total, only four coffee species have significant commercial value worldwide: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Dewevrei. Of the more than 60 wild coffee species, just 25 are cultivated for coffee production, and a mere handful dominate global trade.

The Four Main Commercial Coffee Species

Globally, coffee is categorised into four primary species based on the bean: Arabica, Robusta, Liberica, and Excelsa (also referred to as Dewevrei or sometimes classified under Canephora). While Arabica and Robusta are widely traded and consumed, Liberica and Excelsa are far less common on the international market.

Arabica: The World’s Most Popular Coffee

Arabica (Coffea arabica), often simply called “Arabica,” is the most traditional and widely recognised coffee species. It originated in East Africa and remained under Arab control until the 15th century—earning its name as “Arabic coffee” in Europe. Initially cultivated in the highlands of Cameroon and Guinea, Arabica spread to Latin America and Asia and now dominates global specialty coffee culture.

Though Arabica was once the sole commercial coffee bean, by the late 19th century, disease outbreaks pushed growers to explore alternatives. Still, Arabica remains the most cultivated species, making up roughly three-quarters of the world’s coffee production. It thrives at around 20°C and grows best in mineral-rich volcanic soils at altitudes of 600 metres or higher. Major producers include most Latin American countries, along with parts of Indonesia and the Pacific Islands. Brazil, the world’s largest coffee producer responsible for over one-third of global output, primarily grows Arabica thanks to its ideal climate conditions.

Robusta: Hardier and More Caffeinated

Robusta (Coffea canephora), also known as “” or the Canephora variety, is the second most produced coffee globally, accounting for about 20% of total output. A subspecies of the broader (Coffea canephora), Robusta is valued for its strong resistance to pests and diseases and its ability to grow in low-altitude, tropical regions between 200 and 300 metres. It typically contains 2% to 4% caffeine—significantly higher than Arabica—giving it a harsher, more bitter profile with earthy, rubbery, or woody flavours.

Robusta is primarily cultivated in Indonesia, India, and Uganda. Its high yield and resilience make it a staple for instant coffee production and as a blender in commercial coffee mixes. Unlike Arabica, Robusta’s simpler flavour profile and higher caffeine content appeal to industrial producers rather than specialty roasters.

Liberica and Excelsa: Rare and Distinctive

Liberica (Coffea liberica), or , originates from Liberia and is mainly grown in West African nations like Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Madagascar. It is a hardy species suited to hot, humid climates and resistant to pests, but its flavour is generally considered mild and inferior in the specialty market. The coffee cherries and beans of Liberica are nearly twice the size of those of Arabica, and the cup offers a unique, woody aroma—though often described as bland or “weedy.” It is especially appreciated in Northern Europe.

Excelsa (Coffea dewevrei), also referred to as or sometimes categorised within the Canephora group, originates from Sudan. Though genetically distinct, it is often grouped commercially with Liberica. Excelsa makes up a very small share of the global coffee trade and is rarely seen outside specialised markets.

Why Only a Few Species Dominate

Of over 60 identified Coffea species, 25 have been cultivated, yet just four make up the bulk of global production. This limited diversity is largely due to historical monoculture practices, disease vulnerability in other species, and varying suitability for large-scale farming. Arabica’s popularity in specialty coffee and Robusta’s role in mass production have cemented their dominance, while Liberica and Excelsa remain niche due to flavour profiles and growing challenges.

Frequently Asked Questions

How many coffee species exist in the world?

There are approximately 60 known species in the Coffea plant genus, though only around 25 of these are cultivated for coffee production.

Which coffee species are used commercially?

Only four coffee species are widely used for commercial coffee production: Arabica (Coffea arabica), Robusta (Coffea canephora), Liberica (Coffea liberica), and Dewevrei (Coffea dewevrei).

What is the most commonly grown coffee species?

Arabica is the most widely grown and consumed coffee species, making up about 75% of global coffee production. It is favoured for its flavour complexity and is the backbone of the specialty coffee industry.

Why is Robusta less popular than Arabica?

Robusta contains more caffeine and is more disease-resistant, but it has a harsher, more bitter taste with earthy or rubbery notes. It is mostly used in instant coffee and as a filler in commercial blends, rather than in specialty coffee.

Where is Liberica coffee grown?

Liberica is primarily grown in West African countries such as Liberia, Ivory Coast, and Madagascar. It is also found in Southeast Asia but remains a minor player in the global coffee market due to its unique and often less desirable flavour profile.

What is Excelsa or Dewevrei coffee?

Excelsa, also known as Dewevrei or sometimes classified under Canephora, is a rare coffee species from Sudan. It is seldom traded internationally and has a distinct flavour profile, but it is not widely cultivated or consumed.

Recommended FrontStreet Beans for Exploring Arabica Diversity

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