Explain the planting and cultivation of coffee trees in detail to understand the growth environment and needs of coffee trees.

(1) Seedling propagation

Coffee seedling propagation can be divided into seed propagation and asexual reproduction.

1. Seed propagation

(1) seed collection, seed washing and seed storage

In the full ripening stage of coffee (the full ripening period of medium-grain coffee in Hainan Island is from February to March and small-grain coffee from September to November), fully mature fruits are picked from strong and high-yielding mother trees to make seeds. After the fruit is harvested, immediately peel and wash the seeds, the method is to put the fruit on the hard and rough ground, grind the peel with a brick, or peel it off with a peeling machine, then put it in water to remove the peel, take out the seed, stir it with furnace ash, and rinse it in water to wash the gum on the surface of the seed. In the process of seed washing, be careful not to break the seed shell so as not to affect germination. The germination rate of seeds without seed shell is only 54%. If the seed shell is preserved, the germination rate can reach more than 80%. After the seeds are washed, they should be dried in a ventilated place and should not be exposed to the sun. When the seeds are exposed to 15% water content, the germination rate will be significantly reduced. Dry seeds should not be hidden for a long time. Medium-grain coffee will lose its germinating power when it is stored for more than three months. For small seed coffee, the harvest time is from September to November, and it is the winter with low temperature after seed collection. The seeds can be stored and sown in February to March of the following year, but they should be placed in a cool, ventilated and dry place and checked frequently to prevent mildew.

① nursery land selection: it is appropriate to choose close to the water source, good drainage, fertile, deep soil layer, loose loam or sandy loam as nursery land.

② soil preparation and application of basic fertilizer: the soil in the nursery should be fully ploughed and raked into fine pieces, ploughed 20 to 25 cm deep, stone, grass roots, sundries should be removed quickly, and then the border should be 1 meter wide, the path between the border should be 50 cm wide, the east-west direction of the border on flat land should be 5000 million jin, and calcium superphosphate should be 50 kg 100 jin. Fertilizer should be fully mature and evenly mixed with the soil.

③ erection of shade canopy: coffee seedlings can not tolerate strong light, so shade canopy must be erected. The shade shed is divided into two kinds: big and small. The big shade shed is 180 to 200 centimeters high, and the area can be divided from several to several mu. The small shade shed is 80cm high and 100cm high, one for each bed. The big shade shed has the advantages of convenient management and uniform light transmission, but it is difficult to obtain materials. But the shading net can also be used, the management of the small shade shed is not convenient, and the seedlings receive uneven light, but the material is easy to solve. These two kinds of shade sheds can be erected according to local conditions. If you use plastic bags to raise seedlings, it is best to use a large shade shed, which can make full use of the land.

④ sowing and sprouting: coffee seeds take a long time from sowing to unearthing. If direct seeding, there are many gardeners, inconsistent sprouting and irregular growth. It is best to use the method of accelerating germination and transplanting seedlings, that is, to concentrate the seeds on the sand bed until the seedlings appear true leaves, and then transplant to the nursery. The specific measures are as follows: after the land preparation, spread about 1 inch of fine sand on the border surface to make a sand bed, the sand bed must be covered with a shade shed, maintain 80-90% shade, and then evenly sow seeds on the sand bed. The sowing amount is about 1.5 square meters to sow 1 jin of seeds, and the distance between the seeds is about 1 cm. Press the seeds slightly with a plate to make the seeds fully contact with sand, and then cover them with a layer of sand with a thickness of invisible seeds, cover with a layer of thin grass and fully sprinkle with water. After dripping water once a day, keep it moist. After 40-60 days, the seedlings can be unearthed. When a small number of seedlings are unearthed, the mulch must be removed so that the seedlings can grow. -

⑤ seedling transfer: the standard of seedling transfer: after the seeds are unearthed, the cotyledons have spread to the true leaves and the seedlings have not yet grown, because at this time the seedlings have started to work on the lateral roots of the first or second round, and the growth is faster after the seedlings are transferred, and the sand bed is drenched with water before transplanting the seedlings. When raising seedlings, protect the root system as far as possible, and seedlings should be cut as soon as possible. And pay attention to keep the roots of the seedlings moist. The plant row spacing is determined according to the variety and seedling age. The row spacing of small seed coffee can be 20 × 20 cm, the row spacing of medium seed coffee can be 20 × 20 cm, the row spacing of seedlings used in the same year can be 20 × 20 cm, and the row spacing of seedlings used every other year can be 25 × 25 cm or 25 × 30 cm. When transplanting, the main root can not be bent, the overlong main root can be truncated properly, and it should be pressed layer by layer when returning to the soil, so that the root system should be in full contact with the soil, and it should be drenched with water after transplanting.

If the seedlings are raised in plastic bags, every 2 to 3 plants are arranged in a row, leaving a path 25 to 30 centimeters wide between the rows to facilitate watering and make the seedlings have enough space to grow so that they will not grow too much. Seedling bag specifications: 14 × 22 or 15 × 24 cm, the seedling bag can be smaller in that year, and larger in the next year. The nutrient soil of the seedling bag can be combined with a certain amount of organic fertilizer and superphosphate according to the standard of soil fertilization in the transplanting bed.

Matters needing attention when moving seedlings:

The seedlings of different sizes were planted separately.

The depth of seedling transfer should be the same as the original budding bed depth, not too deep, so as not to affect the growth of seedlings.

Don't bend the main root.

After transplanting the seedlings, sprinkle with water to fix the roots.

⑥ nursery management: watering and fertilization: sufficient water and fertilizer is the key to ensure the rapid growth of seedlings. After moving the seedlings, sprinkle water once a day to keep the soil moist. When the true leaves are extracted, the times of watering can be reduced according to the soil water condition. At the same time, the first fertilization was carried out, and then every 10 to 15 days, the fertilizer can be made from pigsty manure and green manure. During the seedling period, the concentration of fertilizer should not be too high, and the concentration could be gradually increased with the growth of seedlings. When applying chemical fertilizer, it can be dissolved in water, but to grasp the appropriate concentration, chemical fertilizer can not touch the leaves, if dry application of chemical fertilizer, we should pay special attention. One month before the seedlings are planted, the watering and fertilization should be stopped and the shade should be removed to train the seedlings.

Weeding and loosening soil: due to frequent watering and fertilization, the soil is easy to consolidate and there are many weeds, so we must always pay attention to weeding and loosening the soil.

Coverage: where there are conditions, it is best to cover with death. It can not only keep the soil moist, prevent hardening, reduce the work of loosening soil and weeding, and is a good organic fertilizer after the mulch is rotten.

Adjust shade: the light requirement of seedlings increases with the growth of seedlings. Before 3 pairs of real leaves are pulled out, the shade degree should be controlled at 70% 80% and 50% 60%, and before the first pair of branches grow or plant, the shade degree can be reduced to 20% 30%, so that the seedlings can be trained before planting.

2. Asexual reproduction

Medium-grain coffee is a cross-pollinated crop, and its offspring vary greatly, and the yield of different plants varies significantly in the same garden. Therefore, the seedlings of excellent mother trees are cultivated by the method of asexual reproduction, so that the yield of offspring can be increased, the amount of fruit can be maintained, and the quality of coffee fruit and coffee beans will not be degraded. Most coffee-producing countries in the world have adopted the method of asexual reproduction, which is mainly used in medium-grain species.

Asexual reproduction can be divided into two types: cutting and budding.

(1) cutting propagation

The establishment of ① multiplication nursery requires a large number of direct branches and bud slices as materials for cutting and bud grafting. In order to speed up propagation, multiplication nurseries are established. The auxiliary planting density of proliferating seedlings was 1.5 m × 1 m, which was planted according to different clones.

Preparation of ② cutting materials straight branches are used in cutting materials, not a branch, because the new plants grown after cutting with one branch can only grow creeping, not straight coffee trees.

Cuttings should be cut with green uncorked, fully aged leaves, robust straight terminal buds to the lower 2-3 segments, not semi-corked and corked straight branches. The blade of the cuttings is 4 inches wide (about 6 inches 8 cm), and each section of cuttings is 4 inches 6 centimeters long. the cuttings are cut into two pieces, each with a blade, and the cut is oblique and smooth.

The preparation of the ③ slotting machine generally uses a sand bed with a thickness of 40 to 50 centimeters, with coarse sand in the lower part and medium fine sand in the upper part, with a shade of 80 to 90 percent. Wash the sand first when using it, or you can mix it with the coconut bran of 1 stroke 2. Using spray equipment, the rooting rate of cuttings is high, but the cost of equipment purchase is high.

④ cutting method can cut cuttings obliquely or directly, and the depth of cuttings is buried in the leaf nodes. 10 cm to 15 cm in a row, with the leaves not shielding each other as the standard. Fully sprinkle with water after insertion to make the cuttings in close contact with the sand. After cutting, plastic film should be covered on the cutting bed to reduce water evaporation and improve the rooting rate of cuttings. When covering the plastic film, it should be arched with iron wire or bamboo, inserted on the edge of the sand bed, and then covered with the plastic film, and then pressed to maintain the humidity in the bed. If spray equipment is used, there is no need to cover plastic film.

The management of ⑤ cuttings is mainly dripping water and disease prevention, which requires higher air humidity and lower temperature in the cutting bed. Do not drench too much water to avoid cuttings rot or disease. In order to prevent the occurrence of diseases, carbendazim can be sprayed immediately after cutting. If there is a disease later, spray it again for 1 or 2 times.

The transplant cuttings of ⑥ rooting cuttings grow to 3 cm and 4 cm about 60 days after cutting. although it is convenient to move seedlings at this time, it is best to transplant when the cuttings grow the second round of lateral roots (about 90 days after cutting), and the survival rate is high. It should be handled carefully when moving seedlings, because the root system is very fragile and fragile.

The cuttings without roots continue to be inserted in the sand bed, and the seedlings are transferred again after rooting. The management of the cuttage seedlings after transfer or bagging is the same as that of seed seedlings. When the cuttings are cultivated to 5-7 pairs of leaves in the nursery, the first pair of branches will grow, which can be planted out of the nursery at this time.

(2) there are two methods of grafting: bud grafting and split grafting.

① budding method uses one-year-old seedlings to wipe off the soil at the base of the stem, then open a bud 2.5 to 3.5cm in length, select well-developed nodes from a good mother tree or proliferation nursery, cut off the buds with a small amount of xylem, put them into the buds, bind them tightly with binding straps, open the bud points after 20 days, the 30-40 budding interface has healed, and all the rootstocks can be cut off after 5 days. Re-budding that does not survive.

② splicing method uses one-year-old seedlings as rootstocks. During splicing, the rootstocks are cut 10 cm 15 cm from the ground, cut 3 cm 5 cm long vertically in the middle of the cut, select a straight branch consistent with the size of the rootstock, cut it at 3 cm 4 cm below the node, cut the base of the scion into a wedge, insert it into the incision of the rootstock, pay attention to the cambium and fasten it with a binding strap. in order to improve the survival rate, the scion can be wrapped with bundles. 20 in the post-dew bud point, 30-40 days all release the bang.

Management of ③ grafted seedlings after survival, grafted seedlings need to be cultivated in the nursery to meet the planting standards before they can be planted out of the nursery. The management of grafted seedlings is the same as that of seed seedlings, the protection of new buds must be paid attention to and the buds extracted from rootstocks must be removed in time.

Seedlings should be fully watered before grafting, and be careful not to drench on the interface after grafting.

(2) Establishment of coffee garden

1. Land selection, planning and reclamation

The quality of environmental conditions is closely related to the growth and development of coffee, which should be determined according to the growth habits and environmental requirements of coffee. Try to avoid choosing lowlands where cold air is easy to accumulate and condense frost; coffee roots are good, so choose well-drained and loose soil; coffee needs a calm wind environment, so in areas where there is no primary forest, consideration should be given to planning windbreaks. The planning of the size of the coffee garden is mainly based on the severity of local wind damage, which is generally 10 to 15 mu.

When reclaiming, pay attention to maintain the calm wind environment of the original woodland, the big trees that need to be left behind should be marked in shade and preserved, and the rest of the trees should be cut down before cleaning up.

Soil and water conservation of garden land is a very important work. Contour reclamation can be used on gentle slopes below 10 degrees, and contour terraces can be built on slopes above 10 degrees.

Hole digging can be combined with the construction of terraces, and the hole planting usually adopts the specification of 60 (length) × 60 (width) × 50 (depth) cm. When digging holes, the topsoil and subsoil should be placed separately so that the topsoil can return to the cave. The planting hole should apply sufficient base fertilizer before planting, generally apply rotten cow pen fertilizer, pig pen manure or compost, apply 30 kilograms to 50 jin per hole, mix with calcium superphosphate half jin, and then return to the topsoil after applying base fertilizer, and mix well. In the case of close planting, the average amount of water can be dug, and the planting hole should be dug 2-3 months before planting and fully weathered.

2. Planting density mainly depends on variety, pruning system, soil type and local rainfall, as well as management level, such as fertilization, irrigation, shading and so on.

Medium-grain coffee, using multi-dry shaping, the row spacing is generally 2.5 × 3 meters, and the single dry shaping is generally 2 × 2.5 meters.

Small seed coffee, using multi-dry shaping, the row spacing is generally 2 × 3 meters or 2.5 × 3 meters, and the single dry shaping is generally 1.5 × 2 meters or 2 × 2 meters.

Large seed coffee, the plant is tall, the row spacing is generally 4 × 5 meters.

Generally speaking, the soil is fertile, the annual rainfall is high, and the species with high management level can be sparse.

In recent years, if coffee is intercropped with coconut, betel nut, rubber or other crops, the row spacing can be determined according to the requirements of intercropping.

(3) the planting period and methods are generally planted at the beginning of the rainy season every year, and the best planting period for Hainan Island is from August to September, where there is rain, it can also be planted in February. 10-11-month-old strong seedlings with 2-3 pairs of branches should be selected for planting. It is best to dig seedlings in the afternoon on cloudy or sunny days, either with soil or roots. If the bare roots are planted, the seedlings should be fully hydrated the day before digging. After the seedlings are dug up, the leaves should be cut off.

Seedlings are best planted as they are dug. If they are to be transported far away or cannot be planted immediately, apply mud roots and put them in a cool place. Those who raise seedlings in plastic bags should cut through the plastic bags and put the seedlings into the planting hole. Do not make the soil in the bags loose, so as not to hurt the roots. The planting depth is the same as the original depth of the seedlings, and the lateral roots should be naturally stretched, pressed back to the soil, drenched and stamped immediately after planting. In order to cultivate multi-stem tree shape, oblique planting method or truncated stem method can also be used in planting.

3. Shade

The shady destination is to create an environment suitable for the growth and development of coffee, so as to ensure high and stable yield through comprehensive agro-technical measures after planting. The shade degree should vary according to different cultivation environments and varieties. Coffee is grown in tropical high-altitude areas and in valleys and basins with high mountains on or around the east and west, with little or no shade; in the western slopes with low humidity, strong winds, long dry seasons and strong light, the shade should be appropriately larger. The shade degree of medium seed species is generally 30%, the shade degree of small seed species is 2530%, and the mature trees of large grain species are generally not shaded.

As a shaded tree species, it should have the conditions of fast growth, evergreen, sparse branches and leaves, deep main roots, few lateral roots, strong wind resistance and so on. According to the current production experience, Taiwan Acacia is a better shade tree, its disadvantage is that it has root disease, El Salvador Leucaena grows fast, but the crown is small.

-the planting density of shade trees should be determined according to the size of their crowns. If the Taiwan Acacia tree is selected as the shade tree, one Taiwan Acacia tree can be planted every 2-3 rows and 4-5 trees between the coffee trees.

Shade trees are best planted in advance, and coffee trees are not planted until they are shaded. If you fail to do so, you should plant temporary shade crops between the rows of coffee trees, such as pigeonpeas, edamame beans, Leucaena leucocephala, Tianyu, and so on, and cut them down when the permanent shade trees work.

Temporary shade trees should be thinned year by year according to different growth stages of coffee, permanent shade trees should cut off branches less than 2 meters so as not to affect the normal growth of coffee trees, and less shade should be retained at the fruiting period of about 2530%. The excess shade trees should be cut down, leaving about 10 million trees per mu.

4. Integer pruning

Reasonable shaping and pruning is the guarantee for the rapid growth and high yield of coffee. Before the coffee tree enters the fruiting period, it is reshaped to form a strong skeleton tree, which lays the foundation for high yield. Pruning is to adjust the relationship between growth and fruit on the basis of shaping. There are mainly two ways of shaping coffee trees: single-stem shaping and multi-stem shaping.

(1) single-stem shaping and pruning

Single trunk plastic surgery is a method of cultivating a trunk, using the first branch as the backbone branch and the second and third branches as the main fruiting branch. In single-stem plastic surgery, in order to promote the robust development of branches, the measure of topping is usually adopted to remove the apical buds in accordance with the requirements of controlling the height of the trunk, so as to inhibit apical dominance and promote branch growth in order to achieve the purpose of single-stem shaping.

The method of topping can be divided into one topping and multiple topping.

①, when the coffee tree is 1.5-1.7 meters high, cut off the terminal bud. There are also at 1. 8 to 2.2 meters high to get to the top.

② multiple topping method is mostly used in small seed species, which is divided into two times and three times. Second topping: the first topping is carried out when the tree is 1-1.2 meters high. After the first branch is fully developed (it takes about half a year under well-managed conditions), a strong direct branch is selected as the continuous trunk. When the growth reaches 80-90 cm, the second topping is carried out. After topping, there are no straight branches left, keeping the tree height about 1.7-1.8 meters.

If the top is removed three times, the height of the first top is 0.81m, the second height is 1.2m, and the third height is 1.6m. The direction of the continuous trunk retained after each topping should be opposite to that of the last trunk, so as to maintain the balance of the crown.

The time and location of decapitation should be around May of the second or third year after planting. When peeling the top, it is necessary to retain the 3: 4 pairs of branches that grow from the beginning of the year to May, because the one branch growing at this time is mainly vegetative, develops well after topping, and produces two branches earlier, which is beneficial to the formation of backbone branches and good management. a compact crown can be formed in the same year.

For example, if the top is removed after June, most of the axillary buds have formed flower buds and rarely produce two branches, even if they are born, they will grow in the parts far away from the trunk, which will affect the formation of the tree crown and fail to achieve the purpose of de-topping.

After the management of the untopped tree, the direct branches of the trunk (especially at the top) should be removed in time, and the second and third branches should be pruned. The following branches should be cut off: branches growing within 15 cm of the first branch near the stem; branches that grow upward, inward, and downward in the wrong direction; senescent, drooping, slender branches; branches with diseases and insect pests; excessive branches growing on the same branch and node. How many two branches should be retained on each branch mainly depends on the level of agricultural management, generally leaving 7-8 branches, staggered with each other and arranged in a balanced manner. After the second branch is drawn out, the first branch is old and cannot bear fruit, so the first branch should be cut short where the second branch grows at the apex.

(2) Multi-dry shaping is a method of using one branch as the main fruiting branch. The purpose of plastic surgery is to cultivate multiple trunks and grow a large number of robust branches without topping the multi-trunk trees. as a result, when the yield decreases after 3-5 years, the new trunk will be replaced.

The method of cultivating Multi-stem in ①

Oblique planting method: when planting, the seedlings are oblique, generally at an angle of 30 degrees to 60 degrees with the ground (preferably 45 degrees). Oblique planting can inhibit the growth of the top of the trunk and promote the germination of basal straight branches. Attention should be paid to the selection of 3 or 4 sturdy and spaced direct branches for new stem culture. Cut off the old one when the new one grows up.

-bending dry method: when planting, wait for the seedling to grow to about 1 meter high, then bend the trunk and fix it with a rope or wooden hook. Attention should be paid to the selection of 3 or 4 straight branches with strong growth and certain intervals, which should be cultivated into new stems. The result of the original work was cut off after 2 or 3 years. This method is more labor-intensive than the oblique planting method, and the trunk material must be fixed.

-1. Bend and secure the trunk 2. As a result of the original work, 3. 3% was cut off after 2 or 3 years. Newly cultivated stem

-truncation method: this method is mainly suitable for seedlings more than 2 years old, cut off at about 25 cm from the ground, and then planted in the field, and then cultured into a new stem by using a number of direct branches grown after truncation.

No matter which method is used to cultivate multi-stem, when the new trunk is left, we should always pay attention to cutting off the straight branches that germinate from the new and old trunk, so as not to disturb the tree shape and consume nutrients.

Replacement of trunk of ② adult trees

After 3-5 years of fruiting, as the trunk continues to grow, the fruiting part gradually increases, and the growth of the old trunk decreases year by year, the trunk must be replaced in time, and there are mainly two kinds of formation, namely, one replacement and branch replacement.

After the fruit is picked, all the trunks are sawed off at a time from the plant 25cm to 30cm above the ground. The saw blade is slightly tilted and smooth. When a large number of direct branches are produced under the saw blade, 3 or 4 strong and spaced direct branches should be properly selected as new stems, and the rest should be removed. The advantages of this method are: cutting dry at one time, convenient management, uniform light exposure to the newborn trunk, robust growth, and will not cause excessive growth of branches and leaves because of overshade.

Replacement in stages means that 1 / 2 trunk is replaced every year, 1 / 2 new trunk is cultivated, 1 / 2 straight branches are cultivated before the trunk is replaced, and when the trunk is cut off, it is sawed from the top of the sprouting of the straight branch. its disadvantage is that the growth of the new stem is affected by the old trunk, and it is easy to bend in case of strong wind and rain.

(3) rejuvenation of old trees

The rejuvenation of the old tree should be cut off at one time, and a small amount of harvest can be obtained one year after it is cut off. Cut off the dry after fruit picking, press 30cm above the ground at the old stem, press 30mm 45 from top to bottom. The corner saw is dry and the saw blade should be smooth. After cutting dry, it is necessary to dig the soil deeply, trim part of the root system, strengthen fertilization and promote growth. Remove the excess buds in time.

(4) the cause of the transformation of withered top trees and weak trees is that after a large number of branches bear fruit, they consume too much nutrients and die, resulting in the phenomenon of emptiness in the middle of the crown. After planting young or adult trees, due to the loss of management, the trunk is weak and aging, the plant growth is poor, rarely bear fruit, this kind of tree is called weak tree.

According to the situation of the withered tip of the coffee tree, the method of cutting off the trunk in the middle or bending the trunk can be used to cultivate the new trunk and re-cultivate the crown. However, the management of water and fertilizer must be strengthened in order to be effective.

(5) Coffee regeneration and bud grafting.

The yield of coffee trees will decline slowly after fruiting for many years. In order to increase the coffee yield, we can use the method of cutting off and renewing buds to replace seeds. The bud strips used for budding were selected from the excellent medium seed high yield clone proliferation nursery or mother tree garden. The coffee tree was cut off at one time after fruit picking, leaving 3 or 4 direct branches as rootstocks for bud grafting, and field bud grafting was carried out when the direct branches were 50-60 cm long and the base had not been bolted. The method of budding is the same as above. This is a fast and good way to increase the yield of low-yield coffee plantations.

5. Soil management and fertilization

(1) weeding, covering the young coffee garden, weeds are easy to breed, especially in the rainy season, weeding should be done once a month. If the labor force is sufficient, clean the grass should be removed first. Adult coffee garden can be weeded once every 2 to 3 months. If you use herbicides, you should be careful not to spray on the branches and leaves of coffee, and it is more important and prudent to use them in young coffee gardens.

The root system of coffee is shallow and is easily affected by adverse climatic conditions such as high temperature and drought. Therefore, the mulching work in the coffee garden or rhizosphere should be done well. According to local experience, grass mulching in coffee plantations can increase production by 6080%; dead mulching can increase soil organic matter, promote soil microbial activity, reduce soil temperature and increase soil water content in high temperature and dry seasons. Covering materials can be adapted to local conditions, local materials, citronella residue, rice straw, deciduous leaves, weeds and so on can be used. The thickness of the cover should be 10cm to 15cm, and the width depends on the material. If the material is sufficient, it can be covered between the lines.

(2) Deep ploughing and soil improvement can improve soil physical and chemical properties, especially in lean soil, deep ploughing fertilization is more important. Under general soil conditions, after deep ploughing, the growth of lateral roots is 3-4 times higher than that of non-deep ploughing, and the growth of aboveground part is also deep, with a depth of 40 cm, a length of 60 cm and a width of 40 cm. It is best to press 20 kilograms of green manure into the bottom of the deep turning point, press it into two layers, and apply calcium superphosphate 4 taels on the green manure. At the top of the hole, compost or pig and cattle manure is applied to 20kg and 30jin, and finally the soil is covered.

(3) irrigating coffee planting areas in China can be divided into rainy season and dry season. Irrigation in the dry season, especially in the flowering period, can ensure the normal growth and flowering of coffee plants, improve the fertility rate, and achieve high yield.

(4) fertilization is one of the key measures for high yield of cultivated coffee. According to data, for every 1 jin of dried beans harvested, coffee trees should absorb 35 grams of nitrogen (equivalent to 6 taels of ammonium sulfate), 7 grams of phosphorus (equivalent to 1.1 taels of calcium superphosphate) and 38 grams of potassium (equivalent to 2 taels of potassium chloride) from the soil. According to the study of the fragrant drink Institute, for every 5 kg fresh fruit produced by medium-grain coffee, it is necessary to use 200 grams of ammonium sulfate, 50 grams of calcium superphosphate and 120 grams of potassium sulfate every year. The amount of fertilizer needed is not much, but coffee trees have to grow a large number of branches and leaves, stems and roots every year, which consume a lot of nutrients. There are shade tree absorption and soil fixation, soil erosion and so on also need to consume some fertilizer. Therefore, the fertilization of coffee is very important.

① was fertilized in combination with plastic surgery within 1-2 days after planting. The fertilization of young coffee trees is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, while appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, in order to accelerate the formation of crown and promote the development of roots. Human and animal manure and green leaf retting fertilizer also have a good effect on the growth of young coffee trees.

Coffee seedlings can be fertilized for the first time two months after planting, and then once every 1-2 months. If human and animal feces and urine are applied, they should be retted and matured and diluted with water at the proportion of 1:3. 10 jin per plant, water and fertilizer are best applied in the dry season, ammonium sulfate can be added to retting fertilizer, and each load of retting fertilizer can be mixed with ammonium sulfate. Chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, potash fertilizer) can also be applied in a shallow trench 15 cm outside the canopy after rain, 15-25 grams per plant. The principle of frequent and thin application should be grasped in the fertilization of young coffee.

Fertilization of coffee trees in the fruiting period of ②

In the case of better management, the coffee began to bear fruit in the third year after planting. According to the analysis, the development of coffee fruit needs more potassium in addition to nitrogen, so the fertilization of mature coffee fruit trees should be mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, combined with phosphorus fertilizer and other elements. The effect of applying potash fertilizer during fruit development is very significant. According to the determination, the effect of applying potash fertilizer to small seed coffee is the best from July to August, and the dry matter growth of medium grain coffee fruit has three peak periods, that is, July to September, October to December and January to February of the following year, so potash fertilizer can be applied in three times.

Fruit trees are generally fertilized five times a year, once in February to March (flowering stage), April to May (young fruit stage), July to September (fruit filling period), October to November and December to January of the following year. The annual application of organic fertilizer or compost is 1520kg, urea 250g 500g, calcium superphosphate 150g 500g, calcium superphosphate 150g 250g, potassium chloride 150g 200g

Note: "small seed", "medium seed" and "large seed" are the terms for Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee and Liberika coffee in China. This title may not be scientific. Yunnan coffee is mostly "catamole" and a small amount of "Kupika" under the Arabica line, while there are many subspecies, mutants and hybrids under the Arabica line.

(transferred from: rich Peasant Network)