Coffee cultivation and cultivation Coffee cultivation techniques and techniques Introduction to the process of coffee green beans cultivation

(i) Seedling propagation

Coffee seedling propagation can be divided into seed propagation and asexual propagation.

1. Seed reproduction

(1)Seed collection, washing and storage

In the mature period of coffee (the mature period of medium-grain coffee in Hainan Island is February to March, and the mature period of small-grain coffee is September to November), fully mature fruits are picked from healthy and high-yield mother trees to make seeds. After the fruit is picked, it is immediately peeled and washed. The method is to put the fruit on hard and rough ground, grind the peel with bricks, or remove the peel with peeling machine, then put it in water to remove the peel, take out the seeds, add ashes and stir, and then put it in water to wash the colloid on the surface of the seeds. During seed washing, be careful not to crush the seed shell to avoid affecting germination. The germination rate of seeds without seed shell is only 54%, but the germination rate of seeds with seed shell can reach more than 80%. After washing, the seeds should be dried in a ventilated place. Do not expose them to the sun. When the seeds are exposed to 15% water content, the germination rate will decrease significantly. Dry seeds should not be stored for a long time. Medium-sized coffee, stored for more than three months, will lose germination power. Arabica coffee, seed harvest period in September to November, after the harvest is low temperature winter, seeds can be stored until February to March of the following year, but should be placed in a cool and dry place, and often check to prevent mildew.

① Selection of nursery land: It is advisable to choose loam or sandy loam close to water source, good drainage, fertile, deep soil layer and loose soil as nursery land.

② Soil preparation and basal fertilizer application: the nursery soil should be fully ploughed and finely divided, deeply ploughed 20~25 cm, picked up and removed stone, grass roots and sundries, and then raised, the width of the ridge surface is 1 meter, the width of the path between the ridges is 50 cm, the east-west direction of the flat ridge surface is 5000~10000 jin, and the calcium superphosphate is 50~100 jin. The fertilizer is required to be fully decomposed and mixed evenly with the soil.

3. Shed: Coffee seedlings are not resistant to strong light and must be shaded. Shades are divided into large and small. The large shade shed is 180~200 cm high and the area can range from several minutes to several acres. Small shade shed 80~100 cm high, each bed cover one. The large shade shed is convenient to manage and uniform in light transmission, but it is difficult to obtain materials. But also available shading net, small shade management is not convenient, seedlings by uneven light, but the material is easy to solve. For these two kinds of shade, each place can be erected according to local conditions. If plastic bags are used to raise seedlings, it is best to use large shade sheds to make full use of the land.

4. Sowing germination: coffee seeds need a long time from sowing to unearthing. If they are seeded directly, there are many flower workers, the buds are inconsistent, and the growth is irregular. It is best to adopt germination transplanting method, that is, the seeds are concentrated on the sand bed until the seedlings appear before the true leaves, transplanted to the nursery. The specific method is as follows: after soil preparation, spread fine sand about 1 inch thick on the surface of the ridge to make a sand bed, cover the sand bed with shade, maintain 80~90% shade, and then spread seeds evenly on the sand bed. Sowing quantity is about 1.5 square meters, sowing 1 jin seeds, the distance between seeds is about 1 cm, pressing seeds slightly with a plate to make the seeds fully contact with sand, covering a layer of sand above, the thickness is invisible, covering a thin layer of grass, and fully watering. After a day of watering, keep moist, 40~60 days later, seedlings can be unearthed. When a small number of seedlings emerge, the mulch must be removed to allow the seedlings to emerge and grow.

(5) Transplanting: Transplanting standard: After the seeds are unearthed, the cotyledons have been spread to the true leaves and the forward seedlings have not yet grown, because at this time the seedlings have started the first to second round of lateral roots, and the seedlings recover and grow faster after transplanting. Before transplanting seedlings, the sand bed should be drenched with water first. During seedling raising, root system should be protected as much as possible, and seedlings should be cut at the same time. And pay attention to keep the seedling roots moist. Plant spacing depends on variety and seedling age. Arabica can be planted at a spacing of 20×20 cm, medium-grain coffee can be planted at a spacing of 20×20 cm, and seedlings can be planted at a spacing of 25×25 cm or 25×30 cm. When transplanting, the taproot should not be bent, and the too long taproot can be appropriately truncated. When returning soil, it should be compacted layer by layer to make the root system fully contact with the soil. After transplanting, it should be showered with enough root fixing water.

If plastic bags are used for seedlings, every 2 to 3 plants are arranged in a row, and a path 25 to 30 cm wide is left between the rows to facilitate watering and to make the seedlings have enough space to grow without excessive growth. Seedling bag specifications: 14×22 or 15×24 cm, the current year can be smaller, the next year can be larger. The nutrient soil of the seedling bag can be matched with a certain amount of organic fertilizer and calcium superphosphate according to the fertilizer application standard of the seedbed soil.

Things to note when transplanting seedlings:

According to different sizes of seedlings were planted separately.

Transplanting depth should be the same as the original germination bed depth, not too deep, so as not to affect seedling growth.

Do not bend the taproot.

After transplanting seedlings, sprinkle enough root-fixing water.

Nursery management: watering and fertilization: sufficient water and fertilizer is the key to ensure rapid growth of seedlings. After transplanting, water once a day to keep the soil moist. When the true leaves are extracted, the number of watering times can be reduced according to the soil moisture status. At the same time, the first fertilization is carried out, and then fertilization is carried out every 10 to 15 days. The fertilizer can be fully decomposed water and fertilizer made of pig manure and green manure. Seedling stage, fertilizer concentration should not be too high, with the growth of seedlings, can gradually increase the concentration. When applying chemical fertilizer, it can be dissolved in water and applied, but the appropriate concentration should be mastered. Chemical fertilizer should not contact leaves. If chemical fertilizer is applied dry, special attention should be paid. One month before seedling planting, should stop watering fertilizer, at the same time remove shade, in order to exercise seedlings.

Weeding and loosening: due to frequent watering and fertilization, the soil is easy to harden, weeds are also many, must always pay attention to weeding and loosening.

Cover: Where there are conditions, it is best to cover with death. It can keep soil moist, prevent hardening, reduce loosening and weeding, and is a good organic fertilizer after mulch decay.

Regulation of shade: The amount of light required by seedlings increases with seedling growth. The shade degree should be controlled at 70~80% before 3 pairs of true leaves are sprouted, at 50~60% when 3~6 pairs of true leaves are sprouted, and at 20~30% before the first pair of branches are sprouted or transplanted, so that the seedlings can be trained before transplanting.

2. Asexual reproduction

Medium seed coffee is a cross-pollinated crop. The variation of seed progeny is large. In the same garden, the variation of yield per plant is very significant. Therefore, the method of asexual reproduction is used to cultivate seedlings of excellent mother trees, so that the yield of offspring is increased, the fruit yield is maintained, the uniformity of coffee fruit and coffee bean quality is maintained, and the excellent varieties are not degraded. Most coffee producing countries in the world have adopted asexual propagation methods, mainly in the medium seed.

Asexual propagation can be divided into cuttage and bud grafting two kinds.

(1)cutting propagation

1. Establishment of propagation nursery Asexual propagation of coffee requires a large number of straight branches and buds as materials for cutting and budding. In order to speed up propagation, propagation nurseries are established. The secondary planting density of propagation seedlings was 1.5 m ×1 m, and different clones were planted in different branches.

(2) The preparation of cuttage materials should use straight branches, not a branch, because the new plants grown after a branch cuttage can only grow on the ground and cannot grow into straight coffee trees.

Cutting should be green, not cork, leaves have been fully old hot, strong straight bud pair under the second to third section, not semi-cork and cork straight branch. The leaves of the cuttings are left four wide (about 6~8 cm), each section of cuttings is 4~6 cm long, and the cuttings are cut into two, each with a leaf, and the incision is obliquely cut smooth.

3 preparation of the bed generally use sand bed, thickness 40~50 cm, the lower part with coarse sand, the upper part with medium fine sand, the bed should have 80~90% shade. Wash the sand before use, or mix it with 1/2 coconut bran. The rooting rate of cuttings was high when spraying equipment was used, but the equipment cost was high.

Cuttings can be inserted obliquely or directly, and the cutting depth is buried to the leaf node. 10~15 cm in a row, with leaves not shielding each other as the standard. After planting, water should be poured thoroughly to make cuttings closely contact with sand. After cutting, plastic film should be covered on the cutting bed to reduce water evaporation and improve the rooting rate of cuttings. When covering plastic film, bend it into an arch with iron wire or bamboo, insert it at the edge of the sand bed, cover it with plastic film, and then compact it to keep the humidity in the bed. If spraying equipment is used, it is not covered with plastic film.

(5) The management after cutting is mainly to drench water and prevent diseases, and it is required to maintain a higher air humidity and a lower temperature in the cutting bed. Don't drench too much water to avoid cuttings decay or disease. In order to prevent the occurrence of disease, after cutting can spray 1:1000 carbendazim, if there is disease later, spray 1 to 2 times.

6. The new roots grow to 3~4 cm after about 60 days of transplanting cuttings. Although it is convenient to transplant seedlings at this time, it is best to transplant when the roots of cuttings grow out of the second round of lateral roots (about 90 days after insertion). Transplanting seedlings should be carefully handled because the roots are fragile and easy to break.

Cuttings without roots continue to be inserted into the sand bed, and then transplanted again after rooting. The management of transplanted or bagged cuttings is the same as that of seed seedlings. When 5~7 pairs of leaves are cultivated in the nursery, the first pair of branches will grow. At this time, they can be planted.

(2)Grafting grafting methods available bud grafting and cleavage two kinds.

① Bud grafting method: With annual seedlings, wipe the soil at the base of the stem, and then open a bud grafting position of 2.5~3.5 cm in length, select fully developed nodes from excellent mother trees or propagation nurseries, cut buds with a small amount of xylem, put them into the bud grafting position, tie them with binding bands, open the bud points after 20 days, 30~40 bud opening joints have healed, all tie up, and cut off the rootstocks after 5 days of survival seedlings. If they do not survive, they will bud again.

(2) Splitting method: Take annual seedlings as rootstock. When splitting, cut the rootstock at 10~ 15cm from the ground, cut 3~ 5cm long incision vertically in the middle of the cut, select straight branches consistent with the rootstock size, cut them at 3~ 4cm below the node, cut the scion base into wedge shape, insert them into the rootstock incision, pay attention to the positive cambium layer, tie them tightly with binding tape, in order to improve the survival rate, wrap the scion with binding tape, 20 at the rear bud point, 30~40 days after the scion is fully untied.

③ Management of grafted seedlings After grafting survival, seedlings that meet the planting standards must be cultivated in the nursery before they can be planted. In addition to the management of grafted seedlings and seed seedlings, attention must be paid to the protection of new buds and timely removal of rootstock buds.

Before grafting seedlings to fully drench water, grafting drench water to be careful, do not drench to the interface.

(ii) Establishment of coffee gardens

1. Land selection, planning and reclamation

Environmental conditions are closely related to coffee growth and development, and should be determined according to coffee growth habits and environmental requirements. Try to avoid choosing lowlands where cold air is easy to accumulate and frost; coffee roots are aerobic, so choose loose soil with good drainage; coffee needs a calm wind environment, so in areas without primary forests, consider planning windbreaks. The size of the coffee garden is mainly considered according to the severity of the local wind damage, generally 10~15 mu is appropriate.

Pay attention to maintaining the original quiet wind environment of forest land during reclamation. Mark and retain the trees that need to be left as shade. The rest trees shall be felled first and then cleaned up.

Soil and water conservation of garden plot is a very important work. In gentle slope land below 10 ° C, contour reclamation can be adopted, and slope land above 10 ° C can be constructed with contour terrace.

Digging holes can be combined with terraced fields, and planting holes generally adopt the specifications of 60(length)×60(width)×50(depth) cm. When digging a hole, topsoil and subsoil should be placed separately so that topsoil can return to the hole. Before planting holes, sufficient base fertilizer should be applied. Generally, decomposed cattle pen fertilizer, pig pen fertilizer or compost can be applied. 30~50 jin should be applied to each hole, mixed with half jin of calcium superphosphate. After base fertilizer application, return to topsoil and mix well. If it is densely planted, it can be dug horizontally, and the planting holes should be dug 2~3 months before planting, and fully weathered.

Planting density depends mainly on variety, pruning system, soil type and local rainfall, as well as management level, such as fertilization, irrigation, shade, etc.

Medium seed coffee, using multi-stem shaping, plant spacing is generally 2.5×3 meters; using single shaping, generally 2×2.5 meters.

Arabica coffee, the use of multi-stem shaping, plant spacing is generally 2×3 meters or 2.5×3 meters; the use of single shaping, generally 1.5×2 meters or 2×2 meters.

Large seed coffee, tall plants, plant spacing is generally 4×5 meters.

Generally speaking, fertile soil, high annual rainfall, high management level can be planted sparse.

In recent years, coffee and coconut, betel nut, rubber or other crops intercropping, plant spacing can be determined according to the requirements of intercropping.

(3)Planting period and planting method are generally planted when the rainy season comes every year. The planting period of Hainan Island is best from August to September. Where there is rain, planting can also be done in February. Healthy seedlings of 10~11 months old with 2~3 pairs of branches should be selected for planting. It is best to dig seedlings in cloudy or sunny afternoons, and soil planting or root planting can be done. Bare root planting, the day before digging seedlings should be showered with water, seedlings dug up, to cut off 1/2 leaves.

Seedlings had better be dug with the seed, if you want to transport far or can not be planted immediately, the application of slurry roots, and placed in the shade. Plastic bag seedlings should be cut plastic bags, seedlings into the hole, do not make the bag loose soil, so as not to hurt the roots. The planting depth is the same as the original depth of the seedlings. The lateral roots should be allowed to stretch naturally, return to the soil and compact them. After planting, they should be watered and stamped. In order to cultivate multi-stem trees, planting can also be used oblique planting method or cutting method.

3, shade

- The objective of shade is to create an environment suitable for coffee growth and development in order to ensure high and stable yields through integrated agrotechnical measures after planting. The shade degree should vary according to different cultivation environments and different varieties. When coffee is planted in tropical high altitude areas and valleys and basins with high mountains on both sides or around them, the shade degree can be small or no shade is needed; when coffee is planted on western slopes with low humidity, strong wind, long dry season and strong light, the shade degree should be appropriately large. The shade required by medium-grain species is generally 30%, that required by small-grain species is 25~30%, and that of mature trees of large-grain species is generally not shaded.

----As a shade tree species, it should have conditions such as fast growth, evergreen, sparse branches and leaves, deep main roots, few lateral roots and strong wind resistance. According to the present production experience, Acacia formosana is a better shade tree, its disadvantage is root disease, Leucaena salvador grows fast, but the crown is not large.

The density of shade trees should depend on the size of their canopy. If Acacia formosana is chosen as shade tree, one Acacia formosana can be planted every 2~3 rows between coffee trees and every 4~5 trees between coffee trees.

Shade trees are best planted early, and coffee trees should not be planted until they can provide shade. If this is not possible, temporary shade crops, such as pigeon peas, green peas, leucaena, field grasses, etc., should be planted between coffee trees and cut down when permanent shade trees are effective.

Temporary shade trees should be thinned year by year according to different growth periods of coffee. Permanent shade trees should cut off branches below 2 meters so as not to affect the normal growth of coffee trees. Less shade should be reserved for about 25~30% in the fruiting period. Excess shade trees should be cut down, leaving about 10~15 trees per mu.

4. Integral pruning

Reasonable shaping pruning is to obtain coffee fast-growing and high-yield guarantee, in the coffee tree into the fruiting period before the shaping, so that it forms a strong skeleton tree type, laying the foundation for high yield; pruning is based on the shaping of the relationship between growth and fruit, coffee tree shaping methods, mainly single shaping and multi-stem shaping two kinds.

(1)Single stem shaping and pruning

Single stem shaping is a shaping method of cultivating a trunk, using one branch as the backbone branch and two or three branches as the main fruit branch. In order to promote the growth and health of branches, the measures of top removal are usually adopted during single stem shaping. According to the requirements of controlling the height of trunk, the terminal buds are removed to inhibit the top advantage and promote the growth of branches, so as to achieve the purpose of single stem shaping.

Topping methods can be divided into one-time topping and multiple topping.

1. When the coffee tree is 1.5~1.7 meters high, cut off the terminal bud. There are also 1. 8~2.2 meters high before the top off.

② Multiple topping method is mostly applied to small seeds, divided into two and three times of topping. Second topping: when the tree height is 1~1.2 meters, the first topping is carried out. After the first branch is fully developed (it takes about half a year under good management conditions), a strong straight branch is selected as a continuous trunk. When the growth reaches 80~90 cm, the second topping is carried out. After topping, no straight branch is left, and the tree height is maintained at about 1.7~1.8 meters.

For example, the first topping height is 0.8~1 m, the second topping height is 1.2~1.5 m, and the third topping height is 1.6~2 m. The continued trunk retained after each topping should be opposite to the continued trunk retained last time, so as to maintain the balance of the crown.

The time and location of decapitation should be around May of the second or third year after planting. When peeling the top, it is necessary to retain the 3: 4 pairs of branches that grow from the beginning of the year to May, because the one branch growing at this time is mainly vegetative, develops well after topping, and produces two branches earlier, which is beneficial to the formation of backbone branches and good management. a compact crown can be formed in the same year.

For example, if the top is removed after June, most of the axillary buds have formed flower buds and rarely produce two branches, even if they are born, they will grow in the parts far away from the trunk, which will affect the formation of the tree crown and fail to achieve the purpose of de-topping.

After the management of the untopped tree, the direct branches of the trunk (especially at the top) should be removed in time, and the second and third branches should be pruned. The following branches should be cut off: branches growing within 15 cm of the first branch near the stem; branches that grow upward, inward, and downward in the wrong direction; senescent, drooping, slender branches; branches with diseases and insect pests; excessive branches growing on the same branch and node. How many two branches should be retained on each branch mainly depends on the level of agricultural management, generally leaving 7-8 branches, staggered with each other and arranged in a balanced manner. After the second branch is drawn out, the first branch is old and cannot bear fruit, so the first branch should be cut short where the second branch grows at the apex.

(2) Multi-dry shaping is a method of using one branch as the main fruiting branch. The purpose of plastic surgery is to cultivate multiple trunks and grow a large number of robust branches without topping the multi-trunk trees. as a result, when the yield decreases after 3-5 years, the new trunk will be replaced.

The method of cultivating Multi-stem in ①

Oblique planting method: when planting, the seedlings are oblique, generally at an angle of 30 degrees to 60 degrees with the ground (preferably 45 degrees). Oblique planting can inhibit the growth of the top of the trunk and promote the germination of basal straight branches. Attention should be paid to the selection of 3 or 4 sturdy and spaced direct branches for new stem culture. Cut off the old one when the new one grows up.

-bending dry method: when planting, wait for the seedling to grow to about 1 meter high, then bend the trunk and fix it with a rope or wooden hook. Attention should be paid to the selection of 3 or 4 straight branches with strong growth and certain intervals, which should be cultivated into new stems. The result of the original work was cut off after 2 or 3 years. This method is more labor-intensive than the oblique planting method, and the trunk material must be fixed.

-1. Bend and secure the trunk 2. As a result of the original work, 3. 3% was cut off after 2 or 3 years. Newly cultivated stem

-truncation method: this method is mainly suitable for seedlings more than 2 years old, cut off at about 25 cm from the ground, and then planted in the field, and then cultured into a new stem by using a number of direct branches grown after truncation.

No matter which method is used to cultivate multi-stem, when the new trunk is left, we should always pay attention to cutting off the straight branches that germinate from the new and old trunk, so as not to disturb the tree shape and consume nutrients.

Replacement of trunk of ② adult trees

After 3-5 years of fruiting, as the trunk continues to grow, the fruiting part gradually increases, and the growth of the old trunk decreases year by year, the trunk must be replaced in time, and there are mainly two kinds of formation, namely, one replacement and branch replacement.

After the fruit is picked, all the trunks are sawed off at a time from the plant 25cm to 30cm above the ground. The saw blade is slightly tilted and smooth. When a large number of direct branches are produced under the saw blade, 3 or 4 strong and spaced direct branches should be properly selected as new stems, and the rest should be removed. The advantages of this method are: cutting dry at one time, convenient management, uniform light exposure to the newborn trunk, robust growth, and will not cause excessive growth of branches and leaves because of overshade.

Replacement in stages means that 1 / 2 trunk is replaced every year, 1 / 2 new trunk is cultivated, 1 / 2 straight branches are cultivated before the trunk is replaced, and when the trunk is cut off, it is sawed from the top of the sprouting of the straight branch. its disadvantage is that the growth of the new stem is affected by the old trunk, and it is easy to bend in case of strong wind and rain.

(3) rejuvenation of old trees

The rejuvenation of the old tree should be cut off at one time, and a small amount of harvest can be obtained one year after it is cut off. Cut off the dry after fruit picking, press 30cm above the ground at the old stem, press 30mm 45 from top to bottom. The corner saw is dry and the saw blade should be smooth. After cutting dry, it is necessary to dig the soil deeply, trim part of the root system, strengthen fertilization and promote growth. Remove the excess buds in time.

(4) the cause of the transformation of withered top trees and weak trees is that after a large number of branches bear fruit, they consume too much nutrients and die, resulting in the phenomenon of emptiness in the middle of the crown. After planting young or adult trees, due to the loss of management, the trunk is weak and aging, the plant growth is poor, rarely bear fruit, this kind of tree is called weak tree.

According to the situation of the withered tip of the coffee tree, the method of cutting off the trunk in the middle or bending the trunk can be used to cultivate the new trunk and re-cultivate the crown. However, the management of water and fertilizer must be strengthened in order to be effective.

(5) Coffee regeneration and bud grafting.

The yield of coffee trees will decline slowly after fruiting for many years. In order to increase the coffee yield, we can use the method of cutting off and renewing buds to replace seeds. The bud strips used for budding were selected from the excellent medium seed high yield clone proliferation nursery or mother tree garden. The coffee tree was cut off at one time after fruit picking, leaving 3 or 4 direct branches as rootstocks for bud grafting, and field bud grafting was carried out when the direct branches were 50-60 cm long and the base had not been bolted. The method of budding is the same as above. This is a fast and good way to increase the yield of low-yield coffee plantations.

5. Soil management and fertilization

(1) weeding, covering the young coffee garden, weeds are easy to breed, especially in the rainy season, weeding should be done once a month. If the labor force is sufficient, clean the grass should be removed first. Adult coffee garden can be weeded once every 2 to 3 months. If you use herbicides, you should be careful not to spray on the branches and leaves of coffee, and it is more important and prudent to use them in young coffee gardens.

The root system of coffee is shallow and is easily affected by adverse climatic conditions such as high temperature and drought. Therefore, the mulching work in the coffee garden or rhizosphere should be done well. According to local experience, grass mulching in coffee plantations can increase production by 6080%; dead mulching can increase soil organic matter, promote soil microbial activity, reduce soil temperature and increase soil water content in high temperature and dry seasons. Covering materials can be adapted to local conditions, local materials, citronella residue, rice straw, deciduous leaves, weeds and so on can be used. The thickness of the cover should be 10cm to 15cm, and the width depends on the material. If the material is sufficient, it can be covered between the lines.

(2) Deep ploughing and soil improvement can improve soil physical and chemical properties, especially in lean soil, deep ploughing fertilization is more important. Under general soil conditions, after deep ploughing, the growth of lateral roots is 3-4 times higher than that of non-deep ploughing, and the growth of aboveground part is also deep, with a depth of 40 cm, a length of 60 cm and a width of 40 cm. It is best to press 20 kilograms of green manure into the bottom of the deep turning point, press it into two layers, and apply calcium superphosphate 4 taels on the green manure. At the top of the hole, compost or pig and cattle manure is applied to 20kg and 30jin, and finally the soil is covered.

(3) irrigating coffee planting areas in China can be divided into rainy season and dry season. Irrigation in the dry season, especially in the flowering period, can ensure the normal growth and flowering of coffee plants, improve the fertility rate, and achieve high yield.

(4) fertilization is one of the key measures for high yield of cultivated coffee. According to data, for every 1 jin of dried beans harvested, coffee trees should absorb 35 grams of nitrogen (equivalent to 6 taels of ammonium sulfate), 7 grams of phosphorus (equivalent to 1.1 taels of calcium superphosphate) and 38 grams of potassium (equivalent to 2 taels of potassium chloride) from the soil. According to the study of the fragrant drink Institute, for every 5 kg fresh fruit produced by medium-grain coffee, it is necessary to use 200 grams of ammonium sulfate, 50 grams of calcium superphosphate and 120 grams of potassium sulfate every year. The amount of fertilizer needed is not much, but coffee trees have to grow a large number of branches and leaves, stems and roots every year, which consume a lot of nutrients. There are shade tree absorption and soil fixation, soil erosion and so on also need to consume some fertilizer. Therefore, the fertilization of coffee is very important.

① was fertilized in combination with plastic surgery within 1-2 days after planting. The fertilization of young coffee trees is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, while appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, in order to accelerate the formation of crown and promote the development of roots. Human and animal manure and green leaf retting fertilizer also have a good effect on the growth of young coffee trees.

Coffee seedlings can be fertilized for the first time two months after planting, and then once every 1-2 months. If human and animal feces and urine are applied, they should be retted and matured and diluted with water at the proportion of 1:3. 10 jin per plant, water and fertilizer are best applied in the dry season, ammonium sulfate can be added to retting fertilizer, and each load of retting fertilizer can be mixed with ammonium sulfate. Chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, potash fertilizer) can also be applied in a shallow trench 15 cm outside the canopy after rain, 15-25 grams per plant. The principle of frequent and thin application should be grasped in the fertilization of young coffee.

Fertilization of coffee trees in the fruiting period of ②

In the case of better management, the coffee began to bear fruit in the third year after planting. According to the analysis, the development of coffee fruit needs more potassium in addition to nitrogen, so the fertilization of mature coffee fruit trees should be mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, combined with phosphorus fertilizer and other elements. The effect of applying potash fertilizer during fruit development is very significant. According to the determination, the effect of applying potash fertilizer to small seed coffee is the best from July to August, and the dry matter growth of medium grain coffee fruit has three peak periods, that is, July to September, October to December and January to February of the following year, so potash fertilizer can be applied in three times.

Fruit trees are generally fertilized five times a year, once in February to March (flowering stage), April to May (young fruit stage), July to September (fruit filling period), October to November and December to January of the following year. The annual application of organic fertilizer or compost is 1520kg, urea 250g 500g, calcium superphosphate 150g 500g, calcium superphosphate 150g 250g, potassium chloride 150g 200g

(transferred from: rich Peasant Network)

Note: "small seed", "medium seed" and "large seed" are the terms for Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee and Liberika coffee in China. This title may not be scientific. Yunnan coffee is mostly "catamole" and a small amount of "Kupika" under the Arabica line, while there are many subspecies, mutants and hybrids under the Arabica line.

Source: Huang Wei's boutique coffee roasting blog