Seed Origin and genetic breeding of Coffee varieties A detailed description of the Flavor characteristics of Coffee Bean species and planting

Professional coffee knowledge exchange More coffee bean information Please pay attention to coffee workshop (Weixin Official Accounts cafe_style)

coffee origin and genetic breeding "coffee, not just a drink?!" Coffee, really just a drink, just the people who drink it, too complicated!

Coffee is an evergreen shrub belonging to the genus Coffea of Rubiaceae. There are about 125 species of plants under the branch of Coffea, which are distributed in the subgenus Coffeae (25 in Africa and 55 in Madagascar, Mascarene and Comoros Islands) and 7 species in the subgenus Baracoffeae. There are only three commercially valuable coffee species-Coffea Arabica, Coffea canephora (also known as Coffea Robusta) and Coffea liberica, which are called the "three native coffee species." Arabica species account for about 70% of world production, and fine coffee is in high demand; Robusta species account for 27%, mainly used for instant and canned coffee, and have twice the caffeine content of Arabica species; Liberian species, due to their intolerance to leaf rust and poor flavor, are only traded domestically in Suriname, Libya, Cote d'Ivoire, West Africa, and are not popular worldwide.

Java is a selection of Gesha landrace Abysinia! Heirloom is a wild breed! Heirloom mocha is Bourbon mutation!

Elephant bean

Arabica coffee species Subgroup Typica ● Variety group Bourbon Subgroup Gesha ● Variety group Geisha Subgroup Heirloom

Subspecies (group) Typica Hybrid varieties Sumatra, Bergendal, Rume Sudan,Amarello de Botocatú, Blawan Paumah Mutant varieties Criollo, Kent, Maragogipe, Pache Común,Villalobos, Blue Mountain, San Ramón,Mokka, Arabigo, São Bernando, PlumaHidago, Garundang, Chickumalgu, Creole,Villasarchi.

Variety (group) Bourbon Hybrid varieties N39, Maraguez, Arusha, Jackson,K20, K7, Kenya Selected (K.S), SL3. Mutant varieties Caturra, Pacas, Pointu,Semperflorens, SL34, Tekisic.

Kalimas, Kawisari, S795, S288.（× C. liberica），◆ Aria, Bogor Prada, Devamachy, Icatú （Cartimorx Catuai）。（× C. canephora）◆ Sarchimor（Villa Sarchi × Catimor）

Subspecies (group) Typica hybrid intraspecific hybrid Acaiá, Mondo Novo.（ Sumatra × red Bourbon ）Pache Colis （ Pache Común × Caturra ）Catimor （ Cauvery, ICAFE 95, Lempira, Oro Azteca, Colombia, IHCAFE 90） （ Caturra × HdT ）， Catuaí Amarillo, Garnica.（ Mundo Novo × YellowCaturra ）Maracatu （ Maragogipe × Caturra ），Ouro Verde （ red Catuaí × Acaiá ），Pacamara （ Maragogipe × Pacas ），Sarchimo IAPAR 95 （ HdT × Villasarchi ）Rasuna

Timo Timo Strong trunks and drooping branches allow nutrients to be dispersed efficiently. Timo coffee has a medium to full breadth of flavor and vibrant, understated acidity. Occasionally mold and certain defects occur during harvesting and processing.

Timor

● [Catimor] A hybrid of Catimo Caturra and Timer. It was discovered in Portugal in 1959. The palate is clearly distinguishable, bitter acid with a bit of astringency, often salty aftertaste, in the Timo family there is a low acidity and high bitterness of Robusta influence, with spicy herbal and fruit peel aromas. High planting density and resistance to leaf rust make it a high-yield variety. Oro Azteca is a dwarf selection. Catimor was grown extensively in Latin America on the advice of agricultural experts, but over the course of a decade their advice proved wrong because coffee farmers could not sell their beans at the right price. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [Oro Azteca Catimor] A hybrid of Kim Azteca Timor hybrid 832/1 and Caturra. Mexico's INIFAP was selected by genealogy. Short, green top, high yield, small and medium bean grain, medium cup. Planting density such as Caturra, 5000 - 6000 plants/ha, high nutrient requirements, low resistance to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode. It is suitable for cultivation at altitudes of 600~1200 meters. The density is similar to Caturra with 5000 - 6000 plants per hectare. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [Costa Rica 95 Catimor] Time hybrid 832/1 and Caturra hybrid. The ICAFE Coffee Institute in Costa Rica selected and bred by genealogy. Dwarf, brown-topped, high-yielding, small and medium-sized beans, poor cup quality. Planting density such as Caturra, 5000 - 6000 plants/ha, high nutrient requirements, low resistance to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode. It is suitable for planting in acidic soil at an altitude of 600~1200 meters. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [T5175 Catimor] Hybrid of Timer hybrid 832/1 and Caturra. ICAFE Coffee Institute in Costa Rica selected by genealogy but not released for commercial production. Dwarf, dark brown top, high yield, small and medium-sized beans, poor cup quality. Planting density such as Caturra, 4000~5000 plants/ha, high nutrient requirements, low resistance to leaf rust, susceptible to pulp fruit disease and nematode. It is suitable for planting at an altitude of 600~1000 meters. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [IHCAFE 90 Catimor] A hybrid of Timer hybrid 832/1 and Caturra. The IHCAFE Coffee Institute in Honduras was selected and bred by genealogy. Dwarf, dark brown top, high yield, small and medium-sized beans, poor cup quality. Planting densities such as Caturra, 4000 - 5000 plants/ha, very high nutrient requirements, low resistance to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode. It is suitable for planting in acidic soil at an altitude of 600~1000 meters. Similar to T5175. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [Lempira Catimor] A hybrid of Timer hybrid 832/1 and Caturra. The IHCAFE Coffee Institute in Honduras was selected and bred by genealogy. Dwarf, brown-topped, high-yielding, small and medium-sized beans, cup quality in the lower. Planting density such as Caturra, 5000 - 6000 plants/ha, high nutrient requirements, low resistance to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode. It is suitable for planting in acidic soil at an altitude of 600~1000 meters. It is similar to Costa Rica 95. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [Catisic Catimor] A hybrid of Catisic Time hybrid 832/1 and Caturra. El Salvador's PROMECAFE Coffee Institute ISIC bred. Dwarf, brown-topped, high-yielding, small and medium-sized beans, poor cup quality. Planting density such as Caturra, 5000 - 6000 plants/ha, high nutrient requirements, low resistance to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode. It is suitable for planting in acidic soil at an altitude of 600~1200 meters. It is similar to Costa Rica 95. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [Colombia] Colombia, also known as Variedad Colombia, has sweet, bright, rich aromas of caramel and chocolate. A hybrid of Caturra and Timer, resistant to leaf rust and highly productive, making it popular on small farms, developed in Colombia. Unlike Catimor this variety is a variety of combinations of many progeny. Castillo is the best choice. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

The hybrid variety of [Marsellesa Sarchimor] Timer Hybrid 832/2 x Villa Sarchi CIFC 971/10, selected by ECOM-CIRAD in Nicaragua by phylogenetic method, is short, green top, small and medium-sized bean grains, relatively high yield, high nutrient requirement, resistance to leaf rust and heart borer, resistance to coffee berry disease, susceptibility to nematode. High acidity in the glass. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

Marsellesa Sarchimor is suitable for cultivation at an altitude of 600~1200 meters and planting density such as Caturra, 5000~6000 plants/hectare. Marsellesa Sarchimor is quite resistant to leaf rust and Chilo suppressalis because of its relationship with Timor, and is also produced in India except Costa Rica.

● Hybrid of [Obata Rojo Sarchimor] Timer Hybrid 832/2 x Villa Sarchi CIFC 971/10, selected by IAC in Brazil in 2000 by lineage method, commercially released by ICAFE in Costa Rica in 2014, short, green top, large seed, fairly high yield, medium cup, high nutrient requirement, low resistance to leaf rust. It is suitable for planting at an altitude of 600~1200 meters. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

A hybrid selection of [Cuscatleco Sarchimor] T5296 (Timer Hybrid 832/2 x Villa Sarchi) developed by PROMECAFE Coffee Research Institute in El Salvador. Low growth, planting density such as Caturra, 5000~6000 plants/ha, medium cup quality. Low resistance to leaf rust and nematodes, medium yield such as Caturra. It is suitable for cultivation at altitudes of 600~1200 m. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [Parainema Sarchimor] T5296 (Timer Hybrid 832/2 x Villa Sarchi) was selected by the IHCAFE Coffee Research Institute in Honduras by genealogy. Short, planting density such as Caturra, 5000~6000 plants/ha, large beans, medium cup. Low resistance to leaf rust and nematodes, moderate tolerance to berry disease, moderate yield such as Caturra. It is suitable for cultivation at altitudes of 600~1200 m. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [IAPAR 59 Sarchimor] A hybrid selection of Timer Hybrid 832/2 x Villa Sarchi, selected by the IAPAR Institute in Brazil using the pedigree method. Dwarf, planting density such as Caturra, 5000~6000 plants/ha, brown top, middle and lower cup. Low resistance to leaf rust and nematodes, susceptibility to berry disease (CBD), medium yield, such as Caturra, high nutrient requirements, suitable for cultivation at 800~1200 meters above sea level. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

● [T5296 Sarchimor] Time Hybrid 832/2 x Villa Sarchi hybrid selection, Brazil PROMECAFE selected by pedigree method, because the offspring are unstable so not released. Green top, dwarf, planting density such as Caturra, 5000~6000 plants/ha, large beans, medium cup. Low resistance to leaf rust, moderate tolerance to CBD, medium yield such as Caturra, high nutrient requirement, suitable for planting at 600~1200 m above sea level. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica and Robusta.

[Centroamerica H1] Hybrid of Sarchimor T5296 x Wild Rume Sudan, dwarf, green-topped, planting density such as bourbon, 3000~4000 plants/ha, medium and large beans, low leaf rust resistance, susceptible to nematodes, resistant to coffee berry disease, extremely high yield. The cup is medium and high in acidity. Nutrient requirements are extremely high. It is suitable for planting at an altitude of 800~1500 meters. A variety obtained by crossing Arabica robusta with a wild species.

[Milenio H10] Hybrid of Sarchimor T5296 x Wild Rume Sudan, dwarf, green-topped, planting density 4000~5000 plants/ha, medium-sized beans, low resistance to leaf rust, susceptible to nematodes, resistant to coffee berry disease, very high yield. Good taste, high acidity. It is suitable for planting at an altitude of 800~1500 meters. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica Robusta and wild species.

[Mundo Maya EC16] Sarchimor T5296 x Ethiopian wild variety ET01, Nicaragua ECOM-CIRAD, selected by F1, dwarf, brown top, planting density 4000000 plants / ha, large bean grains, cup taste is very good. Low resistance to leaf rust and nematodes, resistance to coffee berry disease, high yield and high nutrient demand. Suitable for planting at 800-1500 meters above sea level. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica Busta and a wild species.

[Nayarita EC19] Naryelis x hybrid variety of Ethiopian wild species ET26, Nicaragua ECOM-CATIE is selected by F1, Naryelis is a descendant of Timor Hybrid, dwarf, green top, planting density 3000000plant / ha, large bean grain, cup is very good. Susceptible to leaf rust and nematodes, quite resistant to coffee berry disease, high yield and high nutrient demand. Suitable for planting above 1200 meters above sea level. A variety derived from a cross between Arabica Busta and a wild species.

The variety ● [Typica] Tibica, which evolved from Arabica species, is the closest to the original species, originating from Kaffa in Ethiopia and Yemen. An ancestor of all varieties, Typica has been cultivated, hybridized and refined for hundreds of years. The overall quality of the cup is excellent, showing excellent purity and consistency, with lemon sour taste and sweet aftertaste. Brown-topped, large and slightly longer beans, like elongated eggs, known as Arabigo or criollo in Central America. The resistance to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode is low, which makes it difficult to take care of, the amount of plant seed is low, coupled with a long harvest period (harvest every two years), the yield is low. Planting density such as 3000,000 trees per hectare in bourbon.

[Typica] the tree is 3-4 meters tall, conical in shape, and the angle between trunk and branch is about 50-70 degrees. The leaves are narrow and bronzed. Berries are more oval than other varieties. Typica has been genetically evolved, and many variants are generally considered new varieties that are more adaptable to the surrounding environment and produce new characteristics. For example, Typica in Mexico is slightly different from Typica in Hawaii, so they have different names: Criollo (South America), Arabigo (America), Kona (Hawaii), Pluma Hidalgo (Mexico), Garundang (Sumatra), Blue Mountain (Jamaica, Papua New Guinea) S ã o Bernado & San Ramon ó n (Brazil). Kent and Chickumalgu (India).

Typica

Typica is clean and sweet.

The local name of the interspecific hybrid Arabica and Daguo Coffee [S795] is Jember Renbo. This variety was bred in India in the 1940s with Kent (selected by Typica, tall, high yield and extremely resistant to leaf rust) and Daguo Coffee (Coffea Liberica). 1955 the Indonesian Coffee and Cocoa Institute (ICCRI), named Ren Bo, is widely grown in India and Indonesia, Yemen and Ethiopia. There was some resistance to coffee leaf rust, but the resistance decreased with time. It tastes like maple syrup or brown sugar.

S795 Jember Renbo fruit branches and tree posture

S795 Jember Renbo Leaf Flower and Fruit

Vera Robles, a variety derived from the Arabica species, is a branch of the Typica family with elegant floral and sometimes citrus flavours. The variety was brought to Indonesia by Dutch merchants in the late 17th century. We like its subtle and exquisite acidity. Lobos manor beans have strong aromas of stone fruits, such as apricots, peaches and plums.

The Arabica variety ● [Bourbon] bourbon, which was mutated from Typica, is the closest to the native species like Typica. Bourbon spread from southwestern Ethiopia to Yemen and was brought to Bourbon Island (now Reunion) from Yemen in 1715 and 1718. Bourbon produces 2030% more fruit than Typica.

● [Bourbon] some coffee experts in Bourbon think that Bourbon is just a natural variant of Typica. Nothing special! But in fact, Bourbon has its own characteristics, and Typica also has a high-quality taste, like the sour taste of red wine, sweet aftertaste so complex, so delicate, this is the Pinot Noir of coffee. Plants are fragile and do not produce as much fruit as other varieties, but they are worth the effort. Bourbon-shaped cups are rich and classic. It is the coffee in coffee. Its charm has been praised by both strict critics and beginners. Typica and Bourbon can be distinguished by the leaves and beans of the coffee tree. Coffee in Latin America today is largely developed from Typica and bourbon varieties. 97.55% of Brazilian coffee varieties come from Typica and bourbon. Latin American coffee breeding uses the narrow genetic basis of bourbon to create new varieties with various characteristics, which perform well in terms of yield and quality.

[Bourbon] Bourbon Bourbon trees are high and vigorous, 3000000 trees per hectare, young leaves are green, micro-serrated green leaves are wider, strong coffee beans are smaller and denser, so the appearance of beans is smaller and more round than Typica. The fruits are red, yellow and orange, which vary according to variety and soil texture, and red fruit is the most common. Although the seed set of Bourbon is higher than that of Typica, the harvest time is also 2 years, which is also a variety with low yield, and is very vulnerable to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode infection. In order to produce beans with unique and superior flavor, it is appropriate to grow at an altitude of 1000 to 2200 meters.

Bourbon complex acidity, caramel sweetness, balanced yellow bourbon round bourbon pointed bourbon Pointu

Bourbon

Bourbon

Yellow Bourbon

[Tekisic] Tieqi rare guest-bourbon evolution El Salvador Coffee Institute ISIC Bourbon selected a variety of green top tall cluster, small fruit, low yield, small and medium beans, good special flavor, layers of acidity and obvious thick taste. This kind of coffee has a strong sweetness and tends to taste like caramel and brown sugar. The planting density is 3000 to 4000 plants per hectare, and the nutrient demand is moderate, so it is suitable to be planted above 1300 meters above sea level. It is extremely susceptible to leaf rust, berry disease and nematodes.

[Villa Sarchi] Verasach-bourbon evolution this bourbon dwarf mutant has elegant acidity, strong fruit tones and excellent sweetness. Planted in the town of Sarchi in Costa Rica, it is susceptible to most coffee diseases and insects.

[Villa Sarchi] Verasach-bourbon variety, a bourbon green-top dwarf natural mutant, was found in Costa Rica in the 1950s and 1960s. For example, Caturra and Pacas are caused by a single gene mutation that causes the plant to become shorter, the cup is medium, the bean grain is small, the yield is medium such as Caturra, and the nutrient demand is high. It is susceptible to coffee leaf rust, berry disease and nematodes. Suitable for planting above 1300 meters above sea level.

[Venecia] the bourbon green top dwarf natural mutant, Vienenya Bourbon, has medium cuppin, large beans, medium yield such as Caturra, and high nutrient demand. It is susceptible to coffee leaf rust, berry disease and nematodes. Suitable for planting above 800 meters above sea level.

"SL28" and "SL34"-bourbon hybridization derived from Kenya Scott laboratory used Bourbon progeny to cross with heirloom. New varieties of SL28 and SL34 appeared, but their parents were unknown, and the flavor was excellent with the acidity of blackcurrant. 90% of the coffee produced in Kenya is SL28 and SL34. SL-28 is extremely drought-tolerant and susceptible to CBD, CLR or BBC, failing in the mission of creating high yields, but succeeds in creating delicious beans with strong citrus, sweet, balanced and complex aromas. SL34 is characterized by its complex lemon acidity, thick taste, purity and sweetness, and performs well at medium to high elevations. SL34 is extremely drought-resistant and more disease-resistant than SL28.

The single gene natural mutation of ● [Caturra] Katulahong Bourbon, a variety derived from Arabica, is a dwarf green-top variety with 5000 plants per hectare, no shading, small bean grains and higher yield than Bourbon. It was first discovered in Brazil in 1937 and was commercially grown in Minas Gerais, Brazil in 1937. In Central America, Colombia, Costa Rica and Nicaragua performed best. 1500-1700 meters above sea level can produce the best quality and quantity. Katura is characterized by bright acidity and low to medium consistency. It has less clarity and sweetness than its parent bourbon, with lemon or citrus acidity on the palate, and less sweetness than Typica and Bourbon in sweetness, because the sweetness of Caturra depends on the number and dose of fertilizer applied by the grower, and it has high production capacity, but continuous fertilization and pruning are necessary to maintain production capacity, so the tree is short and multi-branched and compact. The micro-jagged green leaves are relatively wide, and although the production capacity is increased, the yield is still limited because the harvest period takes 2 years and the care cost is high, and it is extremely vulnerable to leaf rust, berry disease and nematodes.

Caturra citric acid and mild sweetness

The interspecific hybrid variety Casiopea is a hybrid between Caturra, a hybrid of Caturra Katura, and ET41, a wild Ethiopian species with short growth, green top, large bean grains and excellent cups. It produces the best quality and quantity at an altitude of 1200 meters. The yield is high, but it is easy to be infected by leaf rust, berry disease and nematode.

The interspecific hybrid variety H3 is a hybrid of Caturra, a hybrid of Caturra Katura, and a wild Ethiopian variety E531, which is dwarf, green-topped, large-grained, medium-sized and suitable for planting above 1200 meters above sea level. The yield is high, but it is susceptible to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode, and the demand for nutrient is high.

The variety ● [Java] Java, which evolved from the Arabica species, originally came from the coffee forest of Ethiopia and was then brought to Indonesia for breeding, so it was named Java. It was then sent to Cameroon for further selection of variety vigor and tolerance to berry disease. The genetic fingerprinting of molecular markers indicated that Java was selected from the local variety Abysinia in Ethiopia. It was introduced to Costa Rican CIRAD by breeder BenoitBertrand in 1991. Panama was the first Central American country to officially recognize Java in 2016. It represents an interesting alternative to geisha, with good cups, suitable for small farmers, and better tolerance to coffee leaf rust and berry disease.

Arabica variety Java Java tree height, brown top, cup top, middle and lower yield, 4000,5000 plants per hectare, medium resistance to leaf rust and berry disease, easy to infect nematodes, suitable for planting above 1200 meters above sea level, low nutrient requirements and large beans.

The natural hybrid between ● [Mundo Novo] Mondonopper Sumatra (Typica) and Red Bourbon, derived from Arabica, originated in Brazil and has spread all over the world. The height of the tree is more than three meters, which makes it difficult to harvest. There is a lack of sweetness on the palate and bitterness in the back. The advantage is that it can withstand most diseases, the production date is late, it is convenient to adjust the working procedure, it has high production capacity, and it is a high yield variety. It is suitable to grow at an altitude of 1000 to 1200 meters.

Mundo Novo

The variety ● [Catuai] Katuai derived from Arabica was bred in 1949 by the cross between Mundo Novo (Typica x bourbon) CP 37419 and Huang Caturra (bourbon mutation) C476-11. It was released in 1972 after Brazilian IAC pedigree selection (single plant selection for successive generations). Green top, there are red and yellow fruit, but also a green variety Ouro Verde, acidity, yellow beans when cold, have an impure taste like oil. There are many excellent selected departments in different countries. Catuai in Honduras accounts for nearly half of the acreage. IHCAFE researchers are actively looking for improvements to Catuai, including hybrids between Catuai and Timor. Catuai is also important in Costa Rica, where yellow fruit Catuai has been planted in large quantities since it was launched in 1985. Catuai was introduced to Guatemala in 1970 and now accounts for about 20 per cent of national production. Catuai is hardly cultivated in other Central American countries.

The tree of ● [Catuai] Cato Caturra is short and the tree of Mundo novo is tall. after mixing, the tree shape is short and compact, which can be closely planted and easy to harvest. Catuai is derived from Guarani multomom, meaning very good. The cup is good but not too good. The performance of yield and sweetness was similar to that of Cattura, and there was a great correlation between fertilization techniques. The planting density is high, proper fertilization can have high production capacity, trees can resist wind and rain, and the harvest period is only 1 year, but the disadvantage is that they are extremely susceptible to leaf rust, berry disease and nematodes, and their life span is only 10 years. Suitable for planting above 1300 meters above sea level.

Catuai

Catuai soft and mellow, the throat feels like soft water, the finish is delicate, orange sweet, tropical fruit, raspberry, maple syrup sweet, juicy, light wine, white balsam pear, baked biscuit aroma, caramel, vanilla, finish elegant and meticulous, long and multi-layered taste.

The high clump mutant of [Maragogype] Malagjippe Typica, which evolved from Typica, is 3000-4000 plants / ha. In the Brazilian Bahia called Maragogype, it is found that the brown top and the beans are very large, so they are called elephant beans. The nutrient demand is low and the yield is very low. Suitable for planting above 1300 meters above sea level. The taste is mild with slightly sweet and sour taste, and it is not easy to bake. Shallow baking is recommended, as deep baking will not show its characteristics.

Maragogype like beans raw beans like beans cooked beans (medium baked)

Maragogype like beans raw beans like beans cooked beans (medium baked)

Maragogype left is Kaddura and right is giant elephant bean.

The variety [Maracaturra] Malakatula Maracaturra, also known as Maracatu, derived from Arabica, is a hybrid of Maragogype and Caturra. Native to Brazil, it is famous for its large leaves, flowers and fruits. Today, it grows in Central America, mainly in Nicaragua, El Salvador and Mexico. Maracaturra gives bright, complex acidity and fruity aromas.

Maracaturra

Treatment of soybean honey washed with Maracaturra

The green-top natural variant of Pacas Bourbon, a variety evolved from Arabica, was found in El Salvador in 1949. Its plant is short, and it is classified as a dwarf variety like Caturra. It has small beans, medium yield, medium nutrient requirements and good quality at high altitude. El Salvador currently has 68% bourbon varieties. Pacas accounts for 29% of El Salvador's output, which is more wind-resistant than Bourbon and has a flavor similar to Bourbon. Susceptible to most coffee diseases and insects. Suitable for planting above 1300 meters above sea level.

Pacas

A variety derived from Arabica seed [Pacamara] Pacamara Salvadoran Coffee Research Center uses Pacas as the male parent and Maragogype to produce a huge dwarf variety of fruit, green or bronze leaf tip, appeared in El Salvador in the 1950s, with unique aromas of chocolate and citrus fruit, large beans, good cup taste, outstanding flavor, wonderful balance and floral aroma. The highest cup is produced from the highest possible altitude Pacamara. However, due to susceptibility to leaf rust, berry disease and nematode, the yield is medium, such as Caturra, mainly produced in El Salvador. The varieties are uneven and vary greatly from generation to generation, and 10-12% of the offspring will return to Pacas.

Pacamara Pacamara seedling

Pacamara Pacamara

Pacamara citrus flower fragrant orange red variety purple red variety

Pacamara citrus blossom sun-washed beans

The variety ● [Geisha] geisha Geisha evolved from Arabica species is a native subpopulation of Ethiopia. It has a large bean shape and is a coffee variety endemic to Panama. In recent years, it has shone brilliantly in boutique coffee. In just a few years, there is a boutique queen in the market. At present, the output is low and the price is high, with the highest auction price of $2013 to $350.25USD. Coffee farmers say they only discovered it in recent years, but this is not the case. Geisha appeared in Panama as early as 1960, and many breeding units in Panama also have many seeds of Geisha. In fact, Geisha1931 was found in Gesha in southwestern Ethiopia, where there are many different names. In 1931 and 1932, it was exported to Kenya under the name Abyssinian and Geisha, respectively. In 1936, Kenya took the harvested Geisha seeds to Uganda and Tanzania for planting. In July 1953, Tanzania sent its offspring to Costa Rica, leaving the mother tree in its own country. In 1960, Geisha was formally cultivated through CATIE (Tropical Agronomic Center for Research andEducation) Panama.

[Geisha] the geisha Geisha tree is thin (up to 15 feet), with spreading branches and leaves, long green and red leaves, and late fruit. Resistant to leaf rust, susceptible to berry disease and nematode, small fruit, medium and low yield. Panamanian geisha T2722 is unique and is seen as a choice of coffee from another dimension. It is like Sichuan Pepper or Sun Ra Arkestra Jazz Orchestra, complex and otherworldly. Geisha coffee is expensive not only at high altitude and limited yield, but also because it is difficult to grow. Compared with other varieties, it has weak foliar photosynthesis, underdeveloped roots and weak ability to absorb water and nutrients. A geisha produces only half as many beans as Catuai, which may be why it has a unique flavor. In order to highlight the characteristics and aroma of geisha, the baking degree is on the verge of two explosions, which are more commonly used, which can give play to the characteristics of beans themselves. If they are too shallow, they will produce miscellaneous smells, and if they are too deep, they will lose the aroma of flowers and fruit acid.

[Geisha] the dry aroma of geisha is very bright, with rose and jasmine aromas, honey pomelo and citrus aromas, light baked with nutty aromas, and wet aromas with hazelnut flavors and more floral characteristics. In terms of taste and flavor, the early aroma may be slightly mild and subtle compared with the previously rising aroma, and the flower and fruit flavor will gradually increase as the temperature drops, and the cold aroma is excellent (sweet preserved fruit, rose fruit, orange jam, strawberry jam, silk pine, cherry, vanilla and rose gradually fade, leading to lemon-flavored fruit). This is a coffee that can be praised by a large number of adjectives, the sweetness of the silk, which is testing the brightness of this coffee, especially when it is lightly roasted.

[Geisha] the genetic diversity of the offspring of a geisha is uniform and stable. In a narrow microclimate, it is picky and increases only when, where and how it wants it. But whether you grow it in Indonesia or in America, it is always completely itself. The beans produced at high altitude have a good aroma, sweet and clean in finish, with aromas of jasmine, oolong tea, peach and honey, with bright sour fruit, such as tamarind, mango, the whole aroma and caramel sweetness. the tip of the tongue feels sour at the entrance, but it is mild and round in the mouth, sweet and sweet, and there is also a bergamot finish. The lower the temperature is, the finer the acidity is, and the charm is quite lasting. Special can be compared with Ethiopian water-washed beans. But its flavor changes rapidly in different cultivation areas, and it can only be planted on a 1200-meter hillside in order to maintain its characteristics. Caffeine content is 30% less than most Arabica varieties.

Geisha geisha plants

Geisha geisha fruiting plant

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Geisha sweet, citrus, fruit hue

The Ethiopian Heirloom coffee group can be said to be the most distinctive and delicious coffee in the world. The beauty of this variety lies in their mystery. They are wild flower species, derived from the natural forest coffee in southwestern Ethiopia. Each village has its own variety, which has been handed down for more than a century and is shaped by soil, altitude and weather conditions. The most similar breed of Typica is native to Yemen. Eventually spread to Latin America, more than 1, 000 Heirloom varieties are currently in production. The Ethiopian Heirloom breed produces some of the world's most coveted flavors, depending on processing technology. Dry processed coffee usually has a medium full-bodied and acidic fruit / red wine hue. Wet-processed coffee is light but has complex floral and citrus tones. A variety [Ethiopian Heirloom] Yirgacheffe evolved from Arabica species

Ethiopian Heirloom is floral and fruity, like wine

Yirgacheffe is delicate, tea-like aroma and pure citrus flavor

The hereditary heredity of Coffea is very complex. Except Arabica Coffee is 2n=4x=44 (heterotetrad), most of the chromosomes are 2n=22. Medium-grain coffee (Coffeacanephora, 2n=2x = 22) grows well and can be used as a genetic research material. All of the above mutations are a pair of factors, while many other pairs of factor mutations have not been found. The chromosomes in the Prophase of meiosis are heterochromic, the staining near the centrosome is darker, and the staining of other parts is lighter.

With the exception of Arabica coffee from the Ethiopian highlands, 90% of Arabica coffee is self-compatible, and all other types of coffee are self-infertile. After several generations of self-breeding, the growth potential and yield of Arabica coffee were not affected. Arabica coffee has many mutations, which may be due to its easy selfing and recessive mutations.

The chromosome mutation of Arabica coffee is a. Six elements (2n=66) Bullata form. The leaf is thicker and wider than the quaternary, with fewer stomata and less fruit. b. Octet (2n=88) Bullata form. Leaves are smaller, thicker and tougher than hexagons, with fewer stomata and less fruit. c. Binary (2n=22) Monosperma form. Leaves are thinner and narrower than binary, with more stomata and less fruit, with only one seed per fruit. d. Chromosome variation of somatic cells.

The factor mutation of Arabica coffee is a. About 1/3 of the known mutations are dominant, 1/3 are incomplete dominant and 1/3 are recessive. b. There are also good offspring in recessive mutations: Typica → bourbonBourbon → LaurinaBourbon LaurinaBourbon Semperflorensc. Dominant mutations such as maragogype and Caturra.

The factor mutation of Arabica coffee is d. Most mutations have the power to affect the whole plant (Pleiotropic), such as: narrow leaf mutation, deformed mutant A, deformed mutant B, wrinkled leaf mutation, brown leaf mutation, short branch leaflet mutation, purple leaf mutation, calyx mutation, multi-flower mutation, large calyx mutation, dwarf mutation, yellow endosperm mutation, orthophytic mutation, cluster mutation, large mutation, small mutation, yellow fruit mutation, Lloyd's coffee, normal coffee and so on.

The factor mutation of Arabica coffee is e. All factors are very stable, only the short branch lobule mutation has the appearance of intermediate type, but it is also obvious. f. Factor epistasis and interaction have been found. g. The study of mutations is of great value, and some mutations have been bred into economic varieties. h. This kind of study can explore the source of cultivated varieties. For example, bourbon is from typica.

The narrow leaf mutant Angustifolia has long and narrow leaves and long lanceolate leaves are the main parent sources for the breeding of excellent new varieties of coffee. About 5% of C. arabica seedlings have narrow leaves. It is the recessive factor of two pairs of mutations of ag1 and ag2 and hybridized with normal plant. The first generation is normal and the second generation is 9 to 7. The narrow leaf is now one of the official varieties of Arabica coffee.

The tree shape, leaf shape, flower and fruit of the malformed mutant An Anomala mutant are all abnormal fruit. There are often 3 to 4 seeds in the abnormal fruit, and there are often 2 to 3 embryo plants in each seed, so it is pseudo polyembryonal (FalsePolyembryony), and its factor is a pair of recessive anan.

The variation of malformed mutant B Anomalis is more severe than that of the above aberration. Leaves are often divided into palms, stamens degenerated, fruit large and discoid, containing several seeds. The first offspring of AmAm, a pair of incomplete dominant factors, is intermediate and often infertile.

The leaves of seedlings with normal Bronze mutation in brown leaves were green. The young leaves of this mutant are brown, while the old leaves are still green. The factor is a pair of dominant, dark brown in BrBr, light brown in Brbr and green in brbr. However, there may be other allelic factors that affect the brown depth. Leaf color and fruit color are inherited independently, independent of each other and do not affect each other.

Calyx mutation Calycanthema the calyx of common coffee is very small, while the calyx of this variety is very similar to a petal. Except for the degeneration of stamens, all the other characters were similar to the parent Typica. The first offspring of crossing with normal plants had 50% normal and 50% coronal calyx, which seemed to be the result of backcross. Therefore, it is assumed that the factor is a pair of dominant Cpene cc is normal, Cc is a coronal calyx, because of its stamen degeneration, it can not be self-crossed to obtain pure dominant plants of CC.

The dwarf mutant Caturra plant is similar to the parent Bourbon but smaller, short Internode and high yield, so it has become a cultivated variety. The varieties with similar Typica mutations are Sao Bernado and SanRamon. Its factor is a pair of dominant CtCt, which is crossed with normal plants. The first generation is dwarf plant Ctct; and normal plant ctct backcross, 50% dwarf plant (Ctct), 50% normal plant (ctct); backcross with dwarf plant CtCt, the progeny are dwarf plant (CtCt and Ctct).

The yellow endosperm mutant Cera comes from Typica. The normal endosperm of Arabica is green. The other characters of this variety were the same as those of Arabica except that the endosperm was yellow. The factor is the allelic recessive gene of green endosperm. Both CeCeCe,CeCece and Cecece were green, only cecece was yellow endosperm and had pollen direct sensation (Xenia).

The wrinkled leaf mutant Crespa has small and wrinkled leaves, short plants and few fruit. It is a pair of dominant factors CrCr. At first, it was only a unit factor mutation, and the genotype was Crcr. When crossed with normal plants, half of the offspring were wrinkled leaves and half were normal.

The branches of the erect mutant Erecta normal Arabica incomplete dominant plants showed an angle of about 65 degrees to the trunk, while that of this mutant was only about 25 degrees, so its branches grew upright upward, and other characters were the same as those of normal plants. Erectile inheritance is a pair of completely dominant factors ErEr. The heterozygote was also erect at Erer, and the second generation was erect at 3:1 as normal.

There are two types of clustered mutations in Fasciata: one is hesitant mutation, which can not be inherited. What is described here is a heritable cluster mutation. The branches are banded, the leaves are dense and clumpy, the petals can increase to 612, the stamens increase, the stigmas gather to form bands, there are two carpels in the ovary, the inner chakra is completely sterile, the outer whorl can produce seeds but has no use value, meiosis is abnormal, and some pollen is sterile. Its inheritance is a pair of complete dominant factors, and the variation is particularly significant in FsFs, slightly clustered in Fsfs, and normal in fsfs.

Le Roy Lloyd's Coffee (Laurina; Bourbon Pointu), which was mutated from Bourbon, is a variety of var. Laurinan DC, the tree is short and conical, with small leaves, but the beans are of good quality-slightly sour, low bitter, meticulous, with attractive aromas of vanilla, citrus, almonds and lychees. The yield is sometimes abundant, sometimes apologetic, extremely drought-tolerant and susceptible to leaf rust. This variety was almost extinct by diseases and insect pests in 1880. The mutant is small-grain coffee, which is different from Mokka in that mocha is round beans and Laurina is sharp at both ends, so it is called "bourbon pointed body". In fact, both come from mutations in the same gene. All are multiple mutations (one gene causes several forms, such as tree height, internodes, leaves, and caffeine content to become low or small, while other mutations cause only a small change, if true color). When crossed with normal coffee, the first offspring were normal, and the second offspring were both normal and dwarf plants. Genetic factor is a pair of recessive lrlr, lack of caffeine synthase, can not synthesize theobromine into caffeine.

[Bourbon Pointu] Bourbon pointed body Coffea arabica var. Laurina discovered this Bourbon mutant in Bourbon Island in 1771. The bean shape changed from round to pointed, and the caffeine content was less than half of that of Bourbon (1.2-1.6%), only 0.4-0.6%. The general low-caffeinated coffee variety was not good enough, but the pointed bourbon broke this rule. The flavor was excellent, and it was as legendary as a geisha. Frail and low output, extremely precious, used to be the most expensive, the most sought-after coffee (about 20000,300 euros / kg), in Japan has set a record of 80,000 yen / kg, as soon as it is launched! At present, most of them only supply the Japanese market.

The large mutant Maragogype comes from Typica. The plant characters of this mutant variety are taller than those of ordinary coffee, but the yield is lower. The genetic factor is a pair of dominant Mg, and the offspring of crossing with normal coffee are large, but the yield is higher, so it is often used as rootstock and hybrid parents.

The small mutation Mokka ● was naturally mutated by bourbon in Yemen and later spread to the island of Reunion (Bourbon), where it was transplanted to Brazil, Hawaii, Guatemala and Colombia. This mutant has short plants, small leaves, large glands and small fruits. The bean shape is naturally small and round (0.39-0.43 cm), but the quality is good and the yield is low. Small mochas also have small round (male) beans, but the proportion is only 2%, which is much lower than the average Arabica's 5% 10%. After arriving in Hawaii, ● Mocha was hybridized with Typica to form a tall mocha to adapt to the customs of Hawaii's Maui Island, but the bean shape still retains its original cute appearance. The Guatemalan or Colombian mocha may be from Brazil or Hawaii, if it is from Brazil, it will retain the original dwarf characteristics, and if it is from Hawaii, it may be a modified tall mocha.

Small mutation Mokka

PacamaraNaturalMokka

In the genetic combination of small mutant Mokka, there are two pairs of genetic factors, one is Lloyd's coffee (pointed body bourbon) mutant complete recessive factor lrlr, the other is complete recessive factor momo. LrLrMoMo;LrlrMoMo are all normal Arabica LrLrMomo, but the leaves are small, the glands are slightly larger. Lrlrmomo; LrLrmomo has grown into a dwarf and small mocha variety of lrlrMomo; LrlrMomo Lloyd's Coffee lrlrmomo.

Mokka was originally a place name, now it is a flavor, and it may be a scientific change in the future. Mocha was once one of the most sought-after coffee beans in the world. The name Mocha Coffee comes from the Yemeni town of Mocha on the Red Sea. This place monopolized the export of coffee in the 15th century, especially in the Arabian Peninsula region. This special coffee bean is now called small coffee and still grows on the hills of Yemen. It departed from a now abandoned port in Muha (also known as Almuha), and only the richest people could afford it at the time. For a period of time, all the coffee was consumed by the French royal family. Despite the subsequent increase in production and falling prices, the coffee is still expensive and hot.

Mokka, originally a place name, is now a flavor, and in the future may be a scientific revolution. Small-grain coffee has been grown and developed in a wider range of areas, but Yemeni varieties may still be the most delicious. Like grapes, these crops absorb nutrients from the soil and become unique flavors that are difficult to replicate elsewhere. Now, there is a new turning point in the history of Mocha. In 2004, a small-grain coffee from Ethiopia was found to contain very little caffeine, far less than other types of coffee. Generally speaking, the taste of coffee is damaged by the removal of coffee, so this natural low-caffeinated coffee bean is very exciting. There is a chemical in coffee beans called theobromine (also found in cocoa beans), which is added to a methyl group to become caffeine: this chemical process is called methylation. However, in this kind of coffee beans, the process seems to be limited. Scientists are trying to transplant similar features to other species. So, maybe one day, mocha will mean high-quality decaf.

Short branch leaflet mutation Murta-nana this mutation is a pair of incomplete recessive factors. NaNa is normal Bourbon coffee; Nana is leaflet plant; nana plant is short, small leaves and few flowers. However, this mutation is quite unstable, and chimerism often occurs, sometimes the shape is nana and the flower and fruit is Nana, and sometimes the three characters are chimeric with each other.

Purple leaf mutant Purpurascens is a natural variant of Bourbon gene, and this mutation has become an official variety Var. PurpurascensCramer . The root system is widely distributed and resistant to drought. San Ramon is a dwarf purple leaf variety of Typica. The plant is medium. The young leaves are purple and the mature leaves are lilac. The flower is light red, the young fruit has purple stripes, the mature fruit is dark red, the yield is low, resistant to fruit rot, not resistant to rust.

Purple leaf mutant Purpurascens beans are small and compact, rich in lipids, with strong and distinct taste, from sweet and spicy to flower, and then from flower to fruit, just like a magician, so that the taste buds must focus on their taste. It is a black coffee that can not be ignored. Clear hues of blackberries, raisins, flowers and lemons. The acidity is light and bright. Soft and smooth. Purple substance may be related to coffee aroma and cup quality. It can be used for high grafting to create the special flavor and aroma of high quality varieties. Its genetic factor is a pair of recessive factor prpr, which is weaker than brown factor BrBr, but stronger than green factor brbr, and most of its offspring are continuous inheritance.

Purple leaf mutation

Purple leaf mutation

The large calyx mutant Goiaba comes from Typica. This mutant calyx is large and persistent. Its inheritance is a pair of recessive factors sdsd, which is crossed with normal calyx SdSd. The first offspring is intermediate Sdsd; and the second offspring is 1:2:1. This factor is completely inferior to coronal calyx CC, and coronal calyx in the presence of C.

The multi-flower mutant Semperflorens normal Arabica coffee only blossoms 2 or 4 times from July to October, but this mutant is insensitive to photoperiod and can blossom all the year round. Flowering and fruiting can occur in different stages on the same plant in the same period, which blossoms more only in July and October. The yield is lower than that of red Bourbon and Typica, and the bean is smaller. 1934 was found in Brazil. It can be used as a high-grafting excellent variety to promote multiple production periods in a year. Its inheritance is a pair of recessive factors sfsf, which is crossed with the normal species SfSf, the first offspring is normal, and the second offspring is 3:1.

Multiflowered mutant Semperflorens

There is little difference in appearance between the two varieties of normal coffee Typica and Bourbon ● except for their yield. ● Typica is dominant TT, while Bourbon is its recessive mutant tt with high yield. ● hybridization between lobular mutant nana and normal Typica showed that TT was epistatic to nana and Na was dominant to na. ● Tt nana and tt Nana are semi-dwarf plants, and the leaves of the former are larger. The genetic difference between Typica and Bourbon can be detected by semi-dwarf hybrid Murta (tt Nana).

The first generation of Typica (TT NaNa) × nana (tt nana) is Tt Nana normal second generation: TT NaNa & Tt NaNa-normal TypicaTT Nana, Tt nana & Tt Nana---- very close to TypicaTT nana- very close to Typica (similar to Bourbon) tt NaNa-normal BourbonTt nana--larger leaf plant Murtatt Nana- standard leaflet plant Murtatt nana- -leaflet nana of standard dwarf strain

The first mutant of yellow fruit Xanthocarpa was found to be from Typica. The fruit was yellow at maturity, early ripening, high yield, and other characters were similar to Typica. There may be some special substances or special gene expression in yellow fruit varieties, which significantly improve the aroma of yellow fruit, and there is a special correlation between the aroma of coffee and the quality of cup products. When the coffee yellow fruit mutant was crossed with the purple leaf mutant, the yellow fruit was obtained in the purple leaf mutant of F 2 generation, and the fruit was dark yellow, which was caused by purple leaf mutant gene (prpr) and yellow fruit mutant gene (xcxc). The mutant gene of yellow fruit is beneficial to increase yield, and this phenomenon exists in both yellow bourbon and yellow Caturra, which is useful in breeding. However, some experiments found that the analysis of red, yellow and orange offspring of Xcxc x Xcxc showed that the effect of xanthocarpa allele on yield was not significant. Yellow fruit matures earlier than red fruit, and orange fruit is in the middle.

The mutant Xanthocarpa of yellow fruit is inherited as a pair of recessive factors xcxc, which is crossed with normal red fruit (XcXc). The first generation is orange fruit (Xcxc), sometimes with yellow stripes, and the first generation of hybrid with purple fruit is dark yellow fruit. It was found that the varieties with yellow fruit mutation were: 1.var. Typica forma xanthocarpa Krug.2.var. Bourbon forma xanthocarpa K. M. C.3.Var. Caturra forma xanthocarpa K. M. C.

Mutant ● Coffea canephora 1. Clustered mutation (Fasciation) is a pair of recessive factors 2. Lobular mutation (nana) is a pair of complete recessive factors 3. Narrow lobe mutation (Angustifolia) is similar to Arabica mutation 4. Yellow fruit mutation (Xanthocarpa) and Arabica mutation are similar to ● C. congensis has narrow leaf mutation and other leaf flower deformities ● C. deweveri has crimson flower mutation ● C. no mutation was found in liberica

The purpose of interspecific hybrid ● between Arabica and robusta coffee is to improve the disease resistance and vitality of Arabica coffee or to improve the cup of robusta. Arabusta is a fertile interspecific F1 hybrid, which is the offspring of autotetraploid coffee beans induced from Arabica and robusta. ● Hibrido de Timor is Arabica x Robusta, a natural hybrid similar to Arabica coffee with 44 chromosomes, resistant to coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix). The new dwarf hybrid ●, called Ruiru Eleven, was successfully developed by the coffee research station in Kenya in 1985. Ruiru Eleven is resistant to coffee berry disease and coffee leaf rust. It is high-yielding and suitable for planting at twice the normal density. ● Icatu is the result of interspecific cross between Arabica x robusta and Arabica coffee varieties Mundo Novo and Caturra.

The techniques used by Arabica and Robusta coffee interspecific hybrid ● in coffee breeding are as follows: 1. Controlled pollination and seed reproduction, 2. Vegetative system reproduction. With traditional methods: grafting, cutting and new methods (tissue culture) proliferation: rapid propagation in vitro, somatic cell induction of embryogenesis. In recent years, ● has carried out manipulative inheritance of small seed coffee using recombinant DNA and tissue culture techniques. Introducing new genes to resist pests or herbicides or to encode genes to obtain high-quality cups, with new technologies it is possible to produce any combination of offspring with the desired functions.

The seed setting rate of coffee interspecific hybrid ● coffee is low, for example, the seed setting rate of Arabica as female parent is slightly better. C. canephora × arabica var. Mokka leaves are intermediate type with large glands, which proves that Mokka (momo) is not completely dominant. C. canephora × arabica var. The slight banding of Polysperma (FsFs) intermediate type indicates that Fs is incomplete dominant and the offspring of another quadruple are more normal. C. deweveri var. The progeny of Excelsa (yellow seed) × arabica var.Bourbon (green seed) is yellow seed 4. C. the first generation of natural hybrids of Liberica × arabica can self-cross 5. C. deweveri × arabica can produce quadruple

Coffee interspecific grafting ∎ rootstock ➢ Nemaya C. canephora T3561 x C. canephora T3751 ● was used in rootstock rootstocks of Robsta because of its high resistance to nematodes. Arabica species (any variety) can be grafted onto Nemaya rootstocks to resist nematodes. The grafting of Arabica varieties onto Robusta rootstock by ● had no effect on the cup.

The world's most expensive coffee ● Panama Geisha Coffee set an auction record of $170.2 per pound in 2010; ● the world's most expensive coffee was born in 2011, when a rare Yemeni small grain of Mocca beans sold for $211.5 a pound, setting a record price for manor beans at auction. It is reported that the coffee is sour and spicy, with a sour aroma similar to that of grapes; the auction of raw coffee beans at El Injerto Manor in Huehuetenango, Guatemala, hit a new high in 2012, with the first small Pantaleon-Mocca selling at a sky-high price of $1103.4 ($501.54 / lb) per kilogram; and the geisha sun beans of the Jade Manor sold for $350.25 / lb at ● 's best coffee auction in Panama in 2013. The coffee is grown on the slopes of Bar ú in Panama and is shaded by guava trees. The number of this coffee bean is rare, it has become a super hot product, and it is a coffee that must be tasted by coffee glutton. ● 2016's jadeite red mark is US $275 / lb for washing geisha raw beans.

There are only two highest quality coffee varieties and Taiwan coffee breeding production strategy ●-geisha and mocha, which are not fortified coffee! They are all low-yield and small-grain varieties, and there are no mixed-race and high-quality varieties yet! the top priority of ● coffee breeding in Taiwan in the future is the interbreeding of these two varieties, followed by the cross with large-grain and high-yield varieties, and then the selection of excellent offspring with resistance and disease resistance. ● uses purple leaf variety as rootstock to graft geisha, small mocha and their excellent offspring hybrid varieties to produce top coffee beans with unique aroma and flavor.

Arabica Variety General Description Variety Type Examples Advantages Limitations Market Quality Special Variation Maragogype (Maracaturra,Pacamara), Laurina /Bourbon Pointu Special Quality Low Yield Susceptibility Disease Niche Market Tree Tall Tipica, Bourbon Good quality Strong low yield Susceptible to disease Suitable for upper forest to niche market Java Good quality Strong part Resistant to fruit blight and rust Suitable for small households Not known for low yield Upper market Geisha Famous good quality Highly unstable in need of further improvement Upper forest market only Ethiopian landraces Quality can be excellent Some progeny Resistant to fruit blight and rust Yield low to generally only improved tree height Upper forest market Mundo average quality and yield suitable for mechanical harvesting susceptible to mainstream markets Ethiopian F1hybrids high to very high yield Some progeny resistant to fruit blight and rust only in Ethiopia Difficult to expand mainstream markets

Arabica Varieties General Description (Continued) Examples of Variety Types Advantages Restricted to Market Typical Dwarf Plants Caturra, Catuai General Quality Suitable for Close Planting High Yield Susceptibility to Disease Mainstream to Upper Market Introduction of Dwarf Genes Catimors &Sarchimors General High Yield Progeny Partial Resistance to Fruit Blight or Nematode Rust Poor Quality Dwarf F1 Hybrids in Need of Further Improvement Mainstream Market high yield good to excellent quality some progeny partial resistance to fruit blight and rust reputation to be established productivity needs to be upgraded mainstream to upper/niche market depending on F1 hybrid

Ideal coffee varietal characteristics → Great untapped diversity potential and modern breeding techniques → Consistent maturity stage → Strong tree vigor, short tree form, high yield → Resistance to major pests and diseases → Stable excellent quality → Low caffeine content → Varied Arabica or Robusta flavor in major and minor gene combinations

Modern breeding techniques: comparative genomic marker orthology-based; quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis; marker-assisted combination selection of traits; numerous demands challenging breeding ability; priority consideration of key traits incorporated into new varieties

possible strategies for coffee quality breeding strategy target market material type method urgent demand standard quality conservative selection new high yield variety no quality loss coffee market gene introduction variety screening introduction variety whole genome selection healthy Cheap and rapid prediction/quality phenotype F1 hybrid progeny screening unused Arabica diversity for parental selection Quality innovation Selection of new varieties with special/specific qualities Need integration in a well-defined value chain Pure Arabica lines (possibly Ethiopia) Screening unused Arabica diversity for mutation of special qualities/variants

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