Coffee Culture of Coffee all over the World

British literary cafes British people love tea, which is well known all over the world. But from the mid-17th century to the early 18th century, the whole of London was soaked in coffee instead of tea. British men switch from drinking to drinking coffee, or both-get drunk in a pub and go to the cafe to sober up with caffeine and then go to the pub to continue drinking.

The first coffee shop in England appeared at Oxford University in 1650 and was opened by a Lebanese Jew. Two years later, the Greek Rosse opened a cafe in London. By 1700, there were more than 2000 cafes in London. Cafes are all over the streets of London. As the first place to provide equal exchange and dialogue for the public, cafes are very popular. But from the very beginning, cafes have obvious "circle" characteristics, that is, "birds of a feather flock together, people are divided into groups"-Puritans, Protestants, Catholics, Jews, literati, merchants, lawyers, doctors, etc., almost every cafe has its own fixed number of guests. The open cafe has broken the previous social structure of hierarchy and identity, and has also made a new division on another level. British cafes laid a solid foundation for the earliest modern publishing industry. The coffee party at will Cafe hosted by Dryden established the standard of literary appreciation from will Cafe to the literary world. The free debate in the cafe was the base of the early middle-class media such as "Light", "bystander" and the Guardian. The editors of these newspapers and magazines, based on what they observed in the cafe and the conversations they participated in there-- heard and discussed gossip about all kinds of news, learned about the intentions of the people and formed a consensus of view. finally formed those brilliant words.

In addition, the gathering of a group of cafes into a club with a rich British tradition is also a major feature of British cafes-the earliest coffee shop in the UK, opened at Oxford University, soon attracted a large number of coffee colleagues. In 1665, they founded the Oxford Coffee Club, which was joined by all academic elites, and was upgraded to the famous "Royal College" in 1662. During the prosperity of cafes, people were used to listening to news, comments and knowledge from all sides, and were free to participate in their own opinions. But when the leaders of the cafe gradually formed their own club and closed the door to the public, people had to turn to the media for similar information.

British cafes are exclusive to men, and women (except the landlady) are not allowed in. The situation angered British women. In 1674, when cafes were in full swing in England, British women published an application for women to boycott coffee. They complained that "the dignity of British men is now gone. This is due to excessive consumption of coffee, the latest popular pagan drink."... " King Charles II of England issued a proclamation banning cafes in 1675. It is not clear whether the King's decree is out of respect for women or whether he is annoyed and disturbed by the criticism of current politics in the cafe. But the reality is that the law is opposed across the UK, and even women stand up against the closure of cafes-they fear that their husbands will return to their former alcoholism. Charles II lifted the ban two days before the ban was lifted after a week of unrest in Britain that almost endangered the throne of Charles II.

However, the prosperity of cafes throughout the 17th and early 18th centuries did not last long and was soon replaced by tea and teahouses. While European countries were growing coffee in their colonies, the British changed their coffee farms into tea farms after the occupation of India. On the one hand, Indian coffee was hit by coffee tree rust and died in large areas; on the other hand, it was related to the shift of British preferences. Elegant teahouses were originally a favorite place for intellectual women and children, but it wasn't long before men became infatuated with them, while cafes quickly became fast-food restaurants on the street or switched to other industries.

It was not until the 1950s that the coffee boom began to rise. However, the resurgence of coffee has challenged the British tradition of loving pure things-while welcoming espresso from Italy, more coffee enthusiasm has been given to instant coffee in the United States. At first, Italian espresso was popular with tea drinkers. After 1955, London's beautifully decorated Italian cafes were everywhere, filled with customers, drinking espresso brewed from mocha pots. Moreover, this time the cafe is no longer the monopoly of men, but also opened the door to women, so the cafe has become a fashionable place for men and women to gather. But this did not completely change the tea drinking habits of the British until American instant coffee, along with television commercials, entered the lives of Britons who were still immersed in the famine of tea rationing. In 1956, the British tea rationing system was abolished, but the British tradition of drinking tea is not as optimistic as people think-fashionable people go to cafes to drink espresso, and more often, people choose instant coffee. When instant coffee accounted for 90% of the British coffee market and affected tea, exasperated British tea traders eventually had to learn from instant coffee, giving up better-flavored tea and shredding it into tea bags instead. Although the British tradition of drinking tea has not been completely replaced by coffee, the re-entry of coffee into Britain is indeed a big force, at least the British tea tradition has changed.

Coffee landed in France, and French cafes started a prairie fire in the streets of Paris as early as the 18th century. The free and warm atmosphere made the cafe gradually become a place for French intellectuals to criticize the imperial government at that time, which played a catalytic role in the French Revolution of 1789. The coffee of the French is actually far less exquisite than that of their cafes. Compared with other European peoples, the French have a light taste of coffee, and because French coffee basically comes from French colonies, and most of their colonies are in Africa. As a result, Robusta beans, rich in Africa, became food for the French. Robota beans belong to the sturdy beans of coffee beans, which are not sour, but bitter and fishy. In order to cover up this bad taste, the French invented heavily roasted French carbon coffee, masking it with the bitter smell of roasted to black carbon.

French cafes are world-famous, and the romantic atmosphere of French cafes attracts countless tourists to pay homage. It is obvious that the price of a cup of coffee in a cafe is far higher than that of a pot at home, but the French just go to the cafe, and always go to the place they like or are used to, do their own seats, drink the same coffee every time, or even match the same refreshments. And the waiters in the cafe also have a French tacit understanding. They don't need to communicate with each other and say a few words to get the kind of service you want. Whether it's seats, music, coffee, snacks or newspapers.

The earliest and most famous Prokop Cafe in Paris, opened in 1689, is owned by Italian immigrants. As soon as the cafe, located in the French Comedy Theatre in the Latin district, opened, it was full of customers, actors, novelists, playwrights and musicians gathered here. It is said that Napoleon had no money for coffee here before the French Revolution, so he had to leave his cap to cover the bill.

When the wave of the French Revolution passed, the spirit of French literature and art, which has always been the heyday of literary style, achieved unprecedented prosperity in times of peace, including novelists, playwrights, publishers, painters and musicians. Paris is like a huge magnet that attracts talented young people. And the cafe is their favorite place to go.

Nowadays, the poor literati and unsuccessful artists who have become masters have a good habit, that is, they usually have their own fixed cafes or even fixed seats. It's hard to say whether it's the Parisian ethos that infects them, or whether they infect Parisians-almost every Parisian has their own fixed cafe, and the time they come to the cafe, the seats they sit and the coffee they drink are fixed. Vienna-lattes and music are floating in the air

Vienna was attacked by the Turkish army for the second time in 1683. The then Emperor Augustus I of Vienna had an offensive and defensive alliance with King Augustus II of Poland. As soon as the Poles heard the news, the Polish army would arrive quickly. But the question is, who will break through the siege of the Turks to send letters to the Poles? Kochsky, a Viennese who had traveled in Turkey, volunteered to deceive the besieged Turkish army in fluent Turkish, crossed the Danube and moved to Poland. Although the Ottoman army was brave and good at fighting, it retreated hastily under the attack of the Polish and Viennese armies, leaving behind a large number of military supplies outside the city. Among them are 500 bags of coffee beans-coffee beans that the Muslim world has controlled for centuries and refused to flow out so easily reached the Viennese.

But the Viennese did not know what it was or what it was used for. Only Kochsky knows that this is a magical drink. So he asked for the 500 bags of coffee beans as a reward for his breakthrough. Kochsky, who got the coffee beans, used the trophies to open the first coffee shop in Vienna, Blue bottle. But at first, the business of the cafe was not good. The reason is that people in the Christian world do not like to drink coffee grounds as Muslims do, and they are not used to using black and bitter coffee as a drink. So the clever Kochsky changed the recipe, filtering out the coffee grounds and adding a lot of milk-this is the original version of the latte that is common on cafe MENU today.

Before the cafe, Vienna, like other European countries, had many pubs. They drank beer like the Germans, and it was intoxicating, so the Viennese soon became loyal supporters of the cafe. The Central Cafe, located in the city center, is one of the most famous cafes in Vienna, where poets, artists, playwrights, musicians and diplomats used to meet. He hosted many masters of that year, such as Beethoven, Mozart, Schubert and Strauss. There are many such cafes in Vienna, and almost every old cafe can be associated with celebrities, so the Viennese cafe has become another place for tourists to visit and worship after Paris.

However, the coffee in the Viennese cafe is not as simple as the French. Viennese really like coffee. There are so many colors about coffee that 40 or 50 kinds of coffee can be listed on the MENU of almost every cafe. Germany-the second largest coffee consumer in 1721, the earliest coffee shop in Germany was born in Berlin. As soon as cafes became popular in Germany, they were restricted by the local authorities. Therefore, compared with other countries, the development of German coffee is relatively simple.

It was not until the early 19th century that coffee became one of the best money-making tools at the disposal of Germans. In the mid-19th century, the vigorous development of coffee farming in Latin America and Central America was affected by the abolitionist movement, so coffee plantation owners changed imported slaves to recruit coffee farmers from Europe, and many German immigrants set foot on the land of Brazil and Guatemala. In order to attract immigrants, the Guatemalan government passed a land law in 1877 to assist German immigrant areas and granted ten-year income tax relief and six-year tariff relief for production equipment. As a result of this one-sided policy, by the end of the 19th century, the Germans owned 19% of the coffee fields in Guatemala, accounting for 40% of the country's total production. Germans who made their fortune by farming also attracted their fellow villagers to invest in coffee producing areas and lay railways to transport coffee beans. During the same period, German coffee merchants also took advantage of the opportunity to monopolize the distribution of top coffee beans in Latin America. At least 80% of Guatemalan coffee beans are shipped to all parts of Europe by German businessmen.

It was only the two world wars that made them experience the same coffee nightmare as the Europeans-because they were far away from the country of origin, so once the war broke out and maritime transport was blocked, the Europeans had a coffee famine. During World War I, the United States officially declared war against Germany in 1917. Because the United States agreed to purchase 1 million bags of coffee beans as military food, the Brazilian government also declared war on Germany and arrested a group of Germans who settled in Brazil. At the same time, the United States passed a bill to confiscate German property in the United States. In 1918, Guatemala passed a similar bill. German coffee in Latin America was also hit hard, and Americans took the opportunity to step in. The defeat of the Germans in coffee in World War I was all made up at the beginning of World War II. When Hitler struck Poland with lightning in 1939, the business of 10 million bags of coffee came to a halt in Europe each year. In 1940 Hitler's army swept across Europe, the Nazis closed all ports, and the whole of Europe (except Germany) was in a coffee famine. But at the end of World War II, Brazil and Guatemala declared war on Germany one after another, while Americans continued to take measures to confiscate the property of Germans in Latin America. After the war, the German economy recovered rapidly, and at the same time, it also quickly restored its position in the coffee trade. Today, Germany is the world's second largest consumer of coffee, second only to the United States. In terms of per capita consumption, it is much higher than that of the United States.

The scenery is outside Italy, and in 1615, Venice merchants shipped coffee to continental Europe for the first time. Later, Pope Clement VIII crowned coffee as "the drink of the Christian world". Before that, coffee was sacred to Islamists; after that, coffee was shared by the two major religions of the world. This is also something in human history that won two religious crowns at the same time. After years of selling coffee as a potion and being sold by peddlers, the Italians opened the first coffee shop in Venice in 1645-the earliest coffee shop in Europe, with the exception of Istanbul. The Florian Cafe in St. Mark's Square in Venice in 1720 is the oldest coffee shop in existence.

In 1903, the Italians made the first commercial coffee distiller in Milan; in 1930, Yili invented the method of distilling espresso coffee with compressed air; and in 1945, another Italian, Gaja, invented a spring-powered piston lever still. this method can maximize the taste of coffee and take very short time, so short that it is too short for it to become bitter or spoil. This method soon made Espresso popular all over Europe and spread to North America, becoming the beginning of the wave of boutique coffee in the United States in the 1960s and 1970s. And "Jiajia" has now become a world-famous brand of coffee utensils.

For Italians, coffee is inseparable from a truly classic cafe. Italians who drink an average of 600 cups of coffee a year go to cafes several times a day, and it's perfectly casual to stand in the cafe for a cup of Espresso and chat on the way to and from work. But they didn't stay in the cafe for long, and they seemed to go there just to have a coffee addiction, and it was what they drank, not anything else, that mattered.

People like to sit in open-air cafes and see their surroundings. For people in this city, they only go there to enjoy a cup of coffee. The coffee shop in Italy, the scenery is outside.

Brazil-the former coffee kingdom in the 1660s, the South American continent was still in a natural silence, and the indigenous people lived a happy and heavenly life in this rich and fertile land. Brazil, which covers an area of more than 3 million square kilometers, occupies a major part of South America. In 1727, Pachta, a Portuguese officer, tempted the wife of the French Guiana Governor to introduce coffee to Brazil with coffee seeds, but he did not try it in the Para region of northern Brazil. It was not until 1774 that Belgian missionaries tried to grow it in the temperate mountains of Rio in southern Brazil. After the 19th century, due to the low price of sugar in the international market and the depletion of mineral deposits in the south, coffee became the most important product in Brazil and became the largest coffee producer in the world in less than 100 years.

At the beginning of the 20th century, coffee, as the main product of Brazil, was the economic lifeline of the country. Stimulated by the continued rise in the international coffee market, Brazilians grow a lot of coffee and even rely on imports of grain such as wheat. Large areas of cultivation have disrupted the ecological balance, and periodic frosts, droughts and rust are threatening Brazilian production. (the worst of these was the frost that first fell on Parana, Brazil in 1975, killing about 1.5 billion coffee trees and severely damaging Brazilian coffee production. In addition, the two frosts in 1994 also caused heavy losses to Brazilian coffee.) But the disaster is nothing compared to the overproduction of coffee.

In the early years of the 20th century, coffee was harvested in many countries, including Brazil and Central and South America, and the annual output of beans exceeded 20 million bags. At that time, the annual global consumption of coffee was only 15 million bags. For a moment, coffee beans became the biggest disaster for Brazilians. However, it is clear that coffee overproduction is not the whole or even the main cause of the coffee disaster, and the falling out of coffee merchants in the international futures market is the main culprit, so that after several failures of the "price stabilization policy" of government actions, in the early 1930s, 7 million bags of coffee were burned. By 1937, 17 million bags of coffee beans had been burned in Brazil, compared with global coffee consumption of 25 million bags in the same year.

Today, Brazil still ranks first in coffee production in the world, but the proportion of coffee in the country's gross domestic product has dropped to about 10%. Coffee is no longer a single-handedness, affecting the economic lifeline of Brazilians. After all, it seems unwise to bet all your money on one thing, whether for a country or a person, even if it is coffee, it is too risky.

Colombian donkey and Uncle Baltis, about 100 years ago, Colombian coffee was unknown to the world. The reason is that the superior geographical conditions for producing high-quality coffee have become obstacles in production and commercial activities. Coffee grown in the foothills must be picked manually. So today we can see the image of Wadi on a Colombian coffee bag dressed in traditional Colombian costumes and riding a donkey. In addition, we can also see the most obvious volcanic pattern on the bag, which reminds us that Wadiqin needs to pick coffee on a donkey. because coffee trees are planted on stepped highlands in the foothills of the Andes, with high elevations above 1500 meters, volcanic soil, frost-free climate, and high-quality Arabica bourbon coffee. All these factors make Colombian coffee synonymous with "quality Arabica". As a result, the coffee produced here is directly sold in the world under the name of the country and is invincible.

Colombia is by far the largest exporter of Arabica coffee, with almost no Robst in its territory. At the same time, it is also the largest producer of washed coffee beans in the world, and almost all coffee beans are treated with "expensive" washing. In 1914, a railway was built to transport coffee beans deep into the mountains of Colombia, but because of the complex terrain in some places, it had to rely on the donkeys of Wadi. In addition, before the opening of the Panama Canal in 1914, Colombian coffee was mainly transported along the port of Madalina to the Atlantic Ocean. With the opening of the Panama Canal, Colombia became the only country in South America that could export coffee beans through Pacific and Atlantic ports, reducing transportation costs.

Since the 1950s, Colombian coffee has become a popular coffee in Europe and the United States, while sales of Brazilian beans, which have occupied the American market for many years, have been declining despite their low prices. This is because Colombian highland coffee has a better flavor and is very popular, so it is easy to get a good price. The only regret is that in recent years Colombians have begun to replace their traditional Arabica with a new variety of Arabica, which has higher yield and stronger disease resistance than the latter. Although both belong to small-grain coffee, it is absolutely a terrible thing for people who are used to traditional Colombian taste, and it is bound to affect people's preference for Colombian coffee.

Almost transparent American coffee, it is only natural for the tradition of cafes to spread from London to the United States. The early cafes in the United States were modelled on those in London, but slightly more dignified than the latter. Like Mr. Lloyd's in London, cafes in the United States are great places to do business and spread information. There are even conference rooms for trials, auctions and dissemination of transactions. But at that time, tea still dominated the drinks. In 1767, King George III of England promulgated the Stamp Act to raise taxes. This led to the sensational Boston tea pour in 1773. From that moment on, coffee became a national drink in the United States.

The United States has a vast territory and is a multi-ethnic country, so it is natural that it will not enjoy coffee in a single way. But on the whole, American coffee is light and clear, almost transparent, and you can even see brown coffee at the bottom of the cup. Americans like this mild coffee mainly because the Anglo-Saxon Puritans, who made up the majority of the American population in the early days, preferred black tea. After the Boston Tea incident, Americans gradually got used to using coffee instead of black tea. The public's favorite drink has gradually changed from black tea to coffee. From the western cowboy stir-frying coffee beans in a pan to the introduction of a "boiling pot" invented by the French, the way Americans make coffee is unflattering, but they have always adhered to the fine tradition that good coffee must be freshly roasted. Even during the war, soldiers in the field did not hesitate to carry wok and grinder with them in order to drink fresh coffee.

During the Civil War, Burns invented the hot-air coffee roaster and, under the commercial operation of companies such as Abaku, quickly changed the habit of buying raw beans in grocery stores. By the end of the 19th century, people had basically given up buying raw beans for self-baking and instead bought roasted coffee beans. Of course, they did not change their habit of paying attention to freshness, so merchants offered various magic weapons to play the brand of "freshness and convenience", such as the delivery carriage of the Treasure Company, which delivered the baked treasure coffee beans directly to their doorstep; for example, Chase and Sangbang marked the baking date on the bags, which has been in use until now and has affected almost the entire food industry. Of course, the most important thing is the food packaging of coffee, metal cans, vacuum and so on. People have been making efforts for the preservation of coffee. Today, the average annual coffee consumption in the United States is nearly 10 pounds, which is not as good as that of countries such as Finland in Europe, but it ranks first in the world in terms of total coffee consumption. In fact, the United States has always been one of the top three coffee consumers in the world.

Japan-the most expensive coffee, which first entered Japan, was brought by Dutch missionaries and merchants around 1630, when the Dutch desperately promoted coffee to their Asian colonies of Sri Lanka and Java, India. But the Japanese don't accept this weird drink at all. Until the Meiji Restoration era, Japanese society set off the wind of "Western learning", people gradually accepted the advanced western industrial civilization, at the same time accepted one of their way of life: coffee. The earliest cafes appeared in the "clubhouse", that is, hotels dedicated to receiving foreign envoys, most of which were located in port cities such as Kobe and Yokohama. Since then, coffee has gradually entered the life of upper-class society in Japan and become a "high-end drink". In 1883, in order to cater to the needs of Western dignitaries, Japan specially built a luxury hotel "Lu Ming Hall". Everything at the banquet was carried out in accordance with the "French full meal" model, from the start of pre-meal wine to the last coffee, are officially included in the menu.

Like Europe, the earliest cafes at the end of the 19th century always gathered a large number of literati, where they spent only 1/3 of the price of an upscale restaurant on a cup of coffee. At the same time, attacks on coffee are inevitable in a country famous for the tea ceremony. For example, there was a popular folk song called "Black and White Festival" at that time, in which a paragraph read: "it's funny to stick out the western nose quietly, not to drink sake, but to have beer and brandy and drink coffee with the solemn expression of the tea ceremony." But compared with the solemn tea ceremony, the casual social venue cafe is clearly a favorite of young people and radicals. Coffee quickly became a hot popular drink.

The top and most expensive coffee in the world is in Japan, and the most popular coffee is also in Japan. Apart from instant coffee, Japan is the first country to introduce canned (liquid) coffee. In addition, Japan is the only country with an official coffee festival, which is celebrated every year on October 1.

The history of tepid Chinese coffee introduced into China is not long, and it was not until 1884 that coffee was first planted in Taiwan Province of China. In the mainland of the motherland, the earliest coffee cultivation began in Yunnan. At the beginning of the 20th century, French missionaries brought the first batch of coffee saplings to Binchuan County, Yunnan Province, and began to grow coffee in the mainland. In terms of natural conditions, many parts of China are very close to Latin America, South America, India, Indonesia and other places, with congenital conditions for coffee cultivation, but Chinese people have been drinking tea for thousands of years. As the origin of tea in the world, people more or less ignore or despise coffee as a foreign beverage in terms of consumption habits and concepts. For a long time after coffee was introduced into China, people did not pay enough attention to the cultivation of coffee, and the development was extremely slow. In recent years, with the impact of foreign culture and the change of life style, coffee has entered the lives of ordinary Chinese people more and more, and coffee cultivation has gradually developed in China.

Now, there are considerable coffee planting bases in Yunnan, Hainan, Guangxi, Guangdong and other provinces in China, and some world-famous coffee companies, such as Maxwell, Nestl é, Colombia and so on, have set up branches in China. They not only sell coffee products to China, but also purchase coffee beans from coffee planting bases in China, which not only promote coffee sales in China, but also promote the development of coffee planting industry.

For Chinese people, for a long time, "coffee" and "instant coffee" are two interchangeable terms. Until the entry of Starbucks in the United States and teahouses in Hong Kong, people began to realize that coffee was not instant coffee, but something else. What is it? It's fashion. It is the abstract painting, jazz and aggressive coffee flavor of Starbucks; it is a half-tea and half-coffee drink in a teahouse, such as "Yuanyang". Served in exquisite white porcelain plates, it is served with dishes by the waiter. The former, because it is more exotic and fashionable, has become another noun for coffee after "instant coffee".