The establishment of a coffee garden

1. Land selection, planning and reclamation

The quality of environmental conditions is closely related to the growth and development of coffee, which should be determined according to the growth habits and environmental requirements of coffee. Try to avoid choosing lowlands where cold air is easy to accumulate and condense frost; coffee roots are good, so choose well-drained and loose soil; coffee needs a calm wind environment, so in areas where there is no primary forest, consideration should be given to planning windbreaks. The planning of the size of the coffee garden is mainly based on the severity of local wind damage, which is generally 10 to 15 mu.

When reclaiming, pay attention to maintain the calm wind environment of the original woodland, the big trees that need to be left behind should be marked in shade and preserved, and the rest of the trees should be cut down before cleaning up.

Soil and water conservation of garden land is a very important work. Contour reclamation can be used on gentle slopes below 10 degrees, and contour terraces can be built on slopes above 10 degrees.

Hole digging can be combined with the construction of terraces, and the hole planting usually adopts the specification of 60 (length) × 60 (width) × 50 (depth) cm. When digging holes, the topsoil and subsoil should be placed separately so that the topsoil can return to the cave. The planting hole should apply sufficient base fertilizer before planting, generally apply rotten cow pen fertilizer, pig pen manure or compost, apply 30 kilograms to 50 jin per hole, mix with calcium superphosphate half jin, and then return to the topsoil after applying base fertilizer, and mix well. In the case of close planting, the average amount of water can be dug, and the planting hole should be dug 2-3 months before planting and fully weathered.

2. Planting density

Planting density mainly depends on variety, pruning system, soil type and local rainfall, as well as the level of management, such as fertilization, irrigation, shading and so on.

Medium-grain coffee, using multi-dry shaping, the row spacing is generally 2.5 × 3 meters, and the single dry shaping is generally 2 × 2.5 meters.

Small seed coffee, using multi-dry shaping, the row spacing is generally 2 × 3 meters or 2.5 × 3 meters, and the single dry shaping is generally 1.5 × 2 meters or 2 × 2 meters.

Large seed coffee, the plant is tall, the row spacing is generally 4 × 5 meters.

Generally speaking, the soil is fertile, the annual rainfall is high, and the species with high management level can be sparse.

In recent years, if coffee is intercropped with coconut, betel nut, rubber or other crops, the row spacing can be determined according to the requirements of intercropping.

(3) the planting period and methods are generally planted at the beginning of the rainy season every year, and the best planting period for Hainan Island is from August to September, where there is rain, it can also be planted in February. 10-11-month-old strong seedlings with 2-3 pairs of branches should be selected for planting. It is best to dig seedlings in the afternoon on cloudy or sunny days, either with soil or roots. If the bare roots are planted, the seedlings should be fully hydrated the day before digging. After the seedlings are dug up, the leaves should be cut off.

Seedlings are best planted as they are dug. If they are to be transported far away or cannot be planted immediately, apply mud roots and put them in a cool place. Those who raise seedlings in plastic bags should cut through the plastic bags and put the seedlings into the planting hole. Do not make the soil in the bags loose, so as not to hurt the roots. The planting depth is the same as the original depth of the seedlings, and the lateral roots should be naturally stretched, pressed back to the soil, drenched and stamped immediately after planting. In order to cultivate multi-stem tree shape, oblique planting method or truncated stem method can also be used in planting.

3. Shade

The shady destination is to create an environment suitable for the growth and development of coffee, so as to ensure high and stable yield through comprehensive agro-technical measures after planting. The shade degree should vary according to different cultivation environments and varieties. Coffee is grown in tropical high-altitude areas and in valleys and basins with high mountains on or around the east and west, with little or no shade; in the western slopes with low humidity, strong winds, long dry seasons and strong light, the shade should be appropriately larger. The shade degree of medium seed species is generally 30%, the shade degree of small seed species is 2530%, and the mature trees of large grain species are generally not shaded.

As a shaded tree species, it should have the conditions of fast growth, evergreen, sparse branches and leaves, deep main roots, few lateral roots, strong wind resistance and so on. According to the current production experience, Taiwan Acacia is a better shade tree, its disadvantage is that it has root disease, El Salvador Leucaena grows fast, but the crown is small.

-the planting density of shade trees should be determined according to the size of their crowns. If the Taiwan Acacia tree is selected as the shade tree, one Taiwan Acacia tree can be planted every 2-3 rows and 4-5 trees between the coffee trees.

Shade trees are best planted in advance, and coffee trees are not planted until they are shaded. If you fail to do so, you should plant temporary shade crops between the rows of coffee trees, such as pigeonpeas, edamame beans, Leucaena leucocephala, Tianyu, and so on, and cut them down when the permanent shade trees work.

Temporary shade trees should be thinned year by year according to different growth stages of coffee, permanent shade trees should cut off branches less than 2 meters so as not to affect the normal growth of coffee trees, and less shade should be retained at the fruiting period of about 2530%. The excess shade trees should be cut down, leaving about 10 million trees per mu.

4. Integer pruning

Reasonable shaping and pruning is the guarantee for the rapid growth and high yield of coffee. Before the coffee tree enters the fruiting period, it is reshaped to form a strong skeleton tree, which lays the foundation for high yield. Pruning is to adjust the relationship between growth and fruit on the basis of shaping. There are mainly two ways of shaping coffee trees: single-stem shaping and multi-stem shaping.

(1) single-stem shaping and pruning

Single trunk plastic surgery is a method of cultivating a trunk, using the first branch as the backbone branch and the second and third branches as the main fruiting branch. In single-stem plastic surgery, in order to promote the robust development of branches, the measure of topping is usually adopted to remove the apical buds in accordance with the requirements of controlling the height of the trunk, so as to inhibit apical dominance and promote branch growth in order to achieve the purpose of single-stem shaping.

The method of topping can be divided into one topping and multiple topping.

①, when the coffee tree is 1.5-1.7 meters high, cut off the terminal bud. There are also at 1. 8 to 2.2 meters high to get to the top.

② multiple topping method is mostly used in small seed species, which is divided into two times and three times. Second topping: the first topping is carried out when the tree is 1-1.2 meters high. After the first branch is fully developed (it takes about half a year under well-managed conditions), a strong direct branch is selected as the continuous trunk. When the growth reaches 80-90 cm, the second topping is carried out. After topping, there are no straight branches left, keeping the tree height about 1.7-1.8 meters.

If the top is removed three times, the height of the first top is 0.81m, the second height is 1.2m, and the third height is 1.6m. The direction of the continuous trunk retained after each topping should be opposite to that of the last trunk, so as to maintain the balance of the crown.

The time and location of decapitation should be around May of the second or third year after planting. When peeling the top, it is necessary to retain the 3: 4 pairs of branches that grow from the beginning of the year to May, because the one branch growing at this time is mainly vegetative, develops well after topping, and produces two branches earlier, which is beneficial to the formation of backbone branches and good management. a compact crown can be formed in the same year.

For example, if the top is removed after June, most of the axillary buds have formed flower buds and rarely produce two branches, even if they are born, they will grow in the parts far away from the trunk, which will affect the formation of the tree crown and fail to achieve the purpose of de-topping.

After the management of the untopped tree, the direct branches of the trunk (especially at the top) should be removed in time, and the second and third branches should be pruned. The following branches should be cut off: branches growing within 15 cm of the first branch near the stem; branches that grow upward, inward, and downward in the wrong direction; senescent, drooping, slender branches; branches with diseases and insect pests; excessive branches growing on the same branch and node. How many two branches should be retained on each branch mainly depends on the level of agricultural management, generally leaving 7-8 branches, staggered with each other and arranged in a balanced manner. After the second branch is drawn out, the first branch is old and cannot bear fruit, so the first branch should be cut short where the second branch grows at the apex.

(2) Multi-dry shaping is a method of using one branch as the main fruiting branch. The purpose of plastic surgery is to cultivate multiple trunks and grow a large number of robust branches without topping the multi-trunk trees. as a result, when the yield decreases after 3-5 years, the new trunk will be replaced.

The method of cultivating Multi-stem in ①

Oblique planting method: when planting, the seedlings are oblique, generally at an angle of 30 degrees to 60 degrees with the ground (preferably 45 degrees). Oblique planting can inhibit the growth of the top of the trunk and promote the germination of basal straight branches. Attention should be paid to the selection of 3 or 4 sturdy and spaced direct branches for new stem culture. Cut off the old one when the new one grows up.

-bending dry method: when planting, wait for the seedling to grow to about 1 meter high, then bend the trunk and fix it with a rope or wooden hook. Attention should be paid to the selection of 3 or 4 straight branches with strong growth and certain intervals, which should be cultivated into new stems. The result of the original work was cut off after 2 or 3 years. This method is more labor-intensive than the oblique planting method, and the trunk material must be fixed.

-1. Bend and secure the trunk 2. As a result of the original work, 3. 3% was cut off after 2 or 3 years. Newly cultivated stem

-truncation method: this method is mainly suitable for seedlings more than 2 years old, cut off at about 25 cm from the ground, and then planted in the field, and then cultured into a new stem by using a number of direct branches grown after truncation.

No matter which method is used to cultivate multi-stem, when the new trunk is left, we should always pay attention to cutting off the straight branches that germinate from the new and old trunk, so as not to disturb the tree shape and consume nutrients.

Replacement of trunk of ② adult trees

After 3-5 years of fruiting, as the trunk continues to grow, the fruiting part gradually increases, and the growth of the old trunk decreases year by year, the trunk must be replaced in time, and there are mainly two kinds of formation, namely, one replacement and branch replacement.

After the fruit is picked, all the trunks are sawed off at a time from the plant 25cm to 30cm above the ground. The saw blade is slightly tilted and smooth. When a large number of direct branches are produced under the saw blade, 3 or 4 strong and spaced direct branches should be properly selected as new stems, and the rest should be removed. The advantages of this method are: cutting dry at one time, convenient management, uniform light exposure to the newborn trunk, robust growth, and will not cause excessive growth of branches and leaves because of overshade.

Replacement in stages means that 1 / 2 trunk is replaced every year, 1 / 2 new trunk is cultivated, 1 / 2 straight branches are cultivated before the trunk is replaced, and when the trunk is cut off, it is sawed from the top of the sprouting of the straight branch. its disadvantage is that the growth of the new stem is affected by the old trunk, and it is easy to bend in case of strong wind and rain.

(3) rejuvenation of old trees

The rejuvenation of the old tree should be cut off at one time, and a small amount of harvest can be obtained one year after it is cut off. Cut off the dry after fruit picking, press 30cm above the ground at the old stem, press 30mm 45 from top to bottom. The corner saw is dry and the saw blade should be smooth. After cutting dry, it is necessary to dig the soil deeply, trim part of the root system, strengthen fertilization and promote growth. Remove the excess buds in time.

(4) the cause of the transformation of withered top trees and weak trees is that after a large number of branches bear fruit, they consume too much nutrients and die, resulting in the phenomenon of emptiness in the middle of the crown. After planting young or adult trees, due to the loss of management, the trunk is weak and aging, the plant growth is poor, rarely bear fruit, this kind of tree is called weak tree.

According to the situation of the withered tip of the coffee tree, the method of cutting off the trunk in the middle or bending the trunk can be used to cultivate the new trunk and re-cultivate the crown. However, the management of water and fertilizer must be strengthened in order to be effective.

(5) Coffee regeneration and bud grafting.

The yield of coffee trees will decline slowly after fruiting for many years. In order to increase the coffee yield, we can use the method of cutting off and renewing buds to replace seeds. The bud strips used for budding were selected from the excellent medium seed high yield clone proliferation nursery or mother tree garden. The coffee tree was cut off at one time after fruit picking, leaving 3 or 4 direct branches as rootstocks for bud grafting, and field bud grafting was carried out when the direct branches were 50-60 cm long and the base had not been bolted. The method of budding is the same as above. This is a fast and good way to increase the yield of low-yield coffee plantations.

5. Soil management and fertilization

(1) weeding, covering the young coffee garden, weeds are easy to breed, especially in the rainy season, weeding should be done once a month. If the labor force is sufficient, clean the grass should be removed first. Adult coffee garden can be weeded once every 2 to 3 months. If you use herbicides, you should be careful not to spray on the branches and leaves of coffee, and it is more important and prudent to use them in young coffee gardens.

The root system of coffee is shallow and is easily affected by adverse climatic conditions such as high temperature and drought. Therefore, the mulching work in the coffee garden or rhizosphere should be done well. According to local experience, grass mulching in coffee plantations can increase production by 6080%; dead mulching can increase soil organic matter, promote soil microbial activity, reduce soil temperature and increase soil water content in high temperature and dry seasons. Covering materials can be adapted to local conditions, local materials, citronella residue, rice straw, deciduous leaves, weeds and so on can be used. The thickness of the cover should be 10cm to 15cm, and the width depends on the material. If the material is sufficient, it can be covered between the lines.

(2) Deep ploughing and soil improvement can improve soil physical and chemical properties, especially in lean soil, deep ploughing fertilization is more important. Under general soil conditions, after deep ploughing, the growth of lateral roots is 3-4 times higher than that of non-deep ploughing, and the growth of aboveground part is also deep, with a depth of 40 cm, a length of 60 cm and a width of 40 cm. It is best to press 20 kilograms of green manure into the bottom of the deep turning point, press it into two layers, and apply calcium superphosphate 4 taels on the green manure. At the top of the hole, compost or pig and cattle manure is applied to 20kg and 30jin, and finally the soil is covered.

(3) irrigating coffee planting areas in China can be divided into rainy season and dry season. Irrigation in the dry season, especially in the flowering period, can ensure the normal growth and flowering of coffee plants, improve the fertility rate, and achieve high yield.

(4) fertilization is one of the key measures for high yield of cultivated coffee. According to data, for every 1 jin of dried beans harvested, coffee trees should absorb 35 grams of nitrogen (equivalent to 6 taels of ammonium sulfate), 7 grams of phosphorus (equivalent to 1.1 taels of calcium superphosphate) and 38 grams of potassium (equivalent to 2 taels of potassium chloride) from the soil. According to the study of the fragrant drink Institute, for every 5 kg fresh fruit produced by medium-grain coffee, it is necessary to use 200 grams of ammonium sulfate, 50 grams of calcium superphosphate and 120 grams of potassium sulfate every year. The amount of fertilizer needed is not much, but coffee trees have to grow a large number of branches and leaves, stems and roots every year, which consume a lot of nutrients. There are shade tree absorption and soil fixation, soil erosion and so on also need to consume some fertilizer. Therefore, the fertilization of coffee is very important.

① was fertilized in combination with plastic surgery within 1-2 days after planting. The fertilization of young coffee trees is mainly nitrogen fertilizer, while appropriate application of phosphorus and potassium fertilizer, in order to accelerate the formation of crown and promote the development of roots. Human and animal manure and green leaf retting fertilizer also have a good effect on the growth of young coffee trees.

Coffee seedlings can be fertilized for the first time two months after planting, and then once every 1-2 months. If human and animal feces and urine are applied, they should be retted and matured and diluted with water at the proportion of 1:3. 10 jin per plant, water and fertilizer are best applied in the dry season, ammonium sulfate can be added to retting fertilizer, and each load of retting fertilizer can be mixed with ammonium sulfate. Chemical fertilizer (nitrogen, potash fertilizer) can also be applied in a shallow trench 15 cm outside the canopy after rain, 15-25 grams per plant. The principle of frequent and thin application should be grasped in the fertilization of young coffee.

Fertilization of coffee trees in the fruiting period of ②

In the case of better management, the coffee began to bear fruit in the third year after planting. According to the analysis, the development of coffee fruit needs more potassium in addition to nitrogen, so the fertilization of mature coffee fruit trees should be mainly nitrogen and potassium fertilizer, combined with phosphorus fertilizer and other elements. The effect of applying potash fertilizer during fruit development is very significant. According to the determination, the effect of applying potash fertilizer to small seed coffee is the best from July to August, and the dry matter growth of medium grain coffee fruit has three peak periods, that is, July to September, October to December and January to February of the following year, so potash fertilizer can be applied in three times.

Fruit trees are generally fertilized five times a year, once in February to March (flowering stage), April to May (young fruit stage), July to September (fruit filling period), October to November and December to January of the following year. The annual application of organic fertilizer or compost is 1520kg, urea 250g 500g, calcium superphosphate 150g 500g, calcium superphosphate 150g 250g, potassium chloride 150g 200g

Note: "small seed", "medium seed" and "large seed" are the terms for Arabica coffee, Robusta coffee and Liberika coffee in China. This title may not be scientific. Yunnan coffee is mostly "catamole" and a small amount of "Kupika" under the Arabica line, while there are many subspecies, mutants and hybrids under the Arabica line.