Cultivation of Coffee Tree Seedling how to raise Coffee Tree

Name of tree: Coffee tree

Family: evergreen tree of coffee subgenus Rubiaceae

morphological characteristics

Coffee is a perennial evergreen shrub or small tree of Rubiaceae. It is a kind of horticultural perennial economic crop with the characteristics of fast-growing, high yield, high value and wide market. Wild coffee trees can grow to 5 to 10 meters tall, but coffee trees grown on plantations are cut to less than 2 meters in order to increase fruit yield and facilitate harvesting. Coffee tree opposite leaves are long oval, leaf surface smooth, terminal branches are very long, few branches, and flowers are white, open at the base of the petiole connecting branches. Mature coffee berries look like cherries, are bright red, sweet flesh, containing a pair of seeds, namely coffee beans (Coffee Beans).

growth habit

Coffee beans like warm, drought-resistant but not cold-resistant, afraid of freezing, seedlings and adult plants vulnerable to frost defoliation death, seeds can not mature. Coffee beans on the land requirements are not strict, idle land can also be planted, but with good drainage, deep soil layer, loose fertile sandy soil is appropriate.

seed propagation

(1)Seed collection, washing and storage

In the mature period of coffee (the mature period of medium-grain coffee in Hainan Island is February to March, and the mature period of small-grain coffee is September to November), fully mature fruits are picked from healthy and high-yield mother trees to make seeds. After the fruit is picked, it is immediately peeled and washed. The method is to put the fruit on hard and rough ground, grind the peel with bricks, or remove the peel with peeling machine, then put it in water to remove the peel, take out the seeds, add ashes and stir, and then put it in water to wash the colloid on the surface of the seeds. During seed washing, be careful not to crush the seed shell to avoid affecting germination. The germination rate of seeds without seed shell is only 54%, but the germination rate of seeds with seed shell can reach more than 80%. After washing, the seeds should be dried in a ventilated place. Do not expose them to the sun. When the seeds are exposed to 15% water content, the germination rate will decrease significantly. Dry seeds should not be stored for a long time. Medium-sized coffee, stored for more than three months, will lose germination power. Arabica coffee, seed harvest period in September to November, after the harvest is low temperature winter, seeds can be stored until February to March of the following year, but should be placed in a cool and dry place, and often check to prevent mildew.

① Selection of nursery land: It is advisable to choose loam or sandy loam close to water source, good drainage, fertile, deep soil layer and loose soil as nursery land.

② Soil preparation and basal fertilizer application: the nursery soil should be fully ploughed and finely divided, deeply ploughed 20~25 cm, picked up and removed stone, grass roots and sundries, and then raised, the width of the ridge surface is 1 meter, the width of the path between the ridges is 50 cm, the east-west direction of the flat ridge surface is 5000~10000 jin, and the calcium superphosphate is 50~100 jin. The fertilizer is required to be fully decomposed and mixed evenly with the soil.

3. Shed: Coffee seedlings are not resistant to strong light and must be shaded. Shades are divided into large and small. The large shade shed is 180~200 cm high and the area can range from several minutes to several acres. Small shade shed 80~100 cm high, each bed cover one. The large shade shed is convenient to manage and uniform in light transmission, but it is difficult to obtain materials. But also available shading net, small shade management is not convenient, seedlings by uneven light, but the material is easy to solve. For these two kinds of shade, each place can be erected according to local conditions. If plastic bags are used to raise seedlings, it is best to use large shade sheds to make full use of the land.

4. Seed germination: coffee seeds need a long time from sowing to emergence. If direct seeding, flower workers are more, budding is inconsistent,

Irregular growth. It is best to adopt germination transplanting method, that is, the seeds are concentrated on the sand bed until the seedlings appear before the true leaves, transplanted to the nursery. The specific method is as follows: after soil preparation, spread fine sand about 1 inch thick on the surface of the ridge to make a sand bed, cover the sand bed with shade, maintain 80~90% shade, and then spread seeds evenly on the sand bed. Sowing quantity is about 1.5 square meters, sowing 1 jin seeds, the distance between seeds is about 1 cm, pressing seeds slightly with a plate to make the seeds fully contact with sand, covering a layer of sand above, the thickness is invisible, covering a thin layer of grass, and fully watering. After a day of watering, keep moist, 40~60 days later, seedlings can be unearthed. When a few seedlings emerge, the mulch must be removed so that the seedlings can emerge and grow.

(5) Transplanting: Transplanting standard: After the seeds are unearthed, the cotyledons have been spread to the true leaves and the forward seedlings have not yet grown, because at this time the seedlings have started the first to second round of lateral roots, and the seedlings recover and grow faster after transplanting. Before transplanting seedlings, the sand bed should be drenched with water first. During seedling raising, root system should be protected as much as possible, and seedlings should be cut at the same time. And pay attention to keep the seedling roots moist. Plant spacing depends on variety and seedling age. Arabica can be planted at a spacing of 20×20 cm, medium-grain coffee can be planted at a spacing of 20×20 cm, and seedlings can be planted at a spacing of 25×25 cm or 25×30 cm. When transplanting, the taproot should not be bent, and the too long taproot can be appropriately truncated. When returning soil, it should be compacted layer by layer to make the root system fully contact with the soil. After transplanting, it should be showered with enough root fixing water.

cultivation and management

The ideal planting conditions for coffee trees are: temperature between 15~25℃ temperature climate, and the annual rainfall must reach 1500~2000 mm, at the same time its rainfall time, to match the flowering cycle of coffee trees. Of course, in addition to seasonal rainfall, there must be fertile soil and good drainage. Fertile soil containing pozzolanic ash. In addition, although sunlight is an indispensable element for coffee growth and fruit, too strong sunlight will inhibit the growth of coffee trees, so various producing areas usually cooperate with planting some shade trees. The ideal altitude is between 500 and 2000 meters.

Seed selection: before sowing, seed germination rate should be tested. The method comprises the following steps of: dividing the seeds with full seeds into a plurality of parts, sequentially numbering, respectively taking 125 - 250g from each part and putting into a vessel with corresponding numbers, soaking in warm water at about 50 DEG C for one day and night, pouring water, washing with clean water once, covering with wet cloth to maintain humidity, sprouting after three days, and selecting the seeds with germination rate above 85%.

Land preparation: in the selected plots, 2000~2500 kg of manure and 25 kg of calcium superphosphate are applied per mu, evenly scattered on the ground, ploughed, raked and leveled, and generally no ridge is made. If you make a bed, you can make a flat bed 1.2~1.5 meters wide.

Sowing: the superior seeds selected through the test are soaked in warm water at 50 DEG C for one day and night, and after they absorb water and expand, they are taken out and dried on the surface, so that they can be sown. The sowing period is from Qingming to grain rain (mid-April), the temperature is 15~20℃, too early, the ground temperature is low, the seeds are easy to rot in the soil; too late, the seeds cannot mature, affecting the yield and quality. Sowing is suitable for drilling, row spacing 50~70 cm, 5~6 cm deep groove, seed evenly scattered in the groove, covered with soil 3 cm, slightly suppressed, about 10 days after sowing seedlings. North drought days, to first irrigate after sowing, do not sow after watering, so as not to affect the emergence of topsoil hardening.

field management

Loosening and weeding: When the seedlings are 3~6 cm high, thin the seedlings and pull out the weak seedlings or over-dense seedlings; when the seedlings are 10~13 cm high, the seedlings are fixed, and the plant spacing is about 30 cm. At the same time of thinning and fixing seedlings, loosen the soil and weed, keep the soil loose. Coffee beans are more drought-resistant, soil moisture can be maintained normal growth, dry days, appropriate watering, but in the seedling period should be less watering, to white dew (early September), fruit tends to mature, can stop watering.

Topdressing: seedlings about 35 cm high, plant ridge sealing, seedlings applied 20 kg calcium superphosphate, ammonium sulfate 10~15 kg, mixed in the rows, and then cultivated soil, fertilizer buried in the soil, and can prevent plant lodging.

Pest control (agricultural products)

Gray spot disease is common in coffee trees, and its pathogen is a semi-known fungus, which mainly damages leaves. At the beginning, light brown spots appeared in the center of the leaves, and then gray mold appeared on the spots. Before or at the beginning of the disease, spray 500 times of 65% zinc solution or 800~1000 times of 50% special solution to eliminate bacteria. Insect pests mostly occurred in late spring and early summer, mainly aphids, with dimethoate emulsion prepared into 200 times solution spray treatment.