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Angola

(southwest African countries)

Editing

Angola is located in southwest Africa, with the capital Luanda, the western Atlantic Ocean, the Democratic Republic of the Congo in the north and northeast, Namibia in the south and Zambia in the southeast, and an outer enclave of Cabinda province bordering the Republic of the Congo and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.

The Angolan economy is dominated by agriculture and minerals, as well as the oil refining industry, which is mainly distributed in the coastal zone of Cabinda. Food processing, papermaking, cement and textile industries are also relatively mature. Angola's economic potential is very high, and it has the potential to become the richest country in Africa in the future. As a former dependency of Portugal, it is known as the "Brazil of Africa".

Angola's national strength has grown rapidly as a result of oil production. The country is vast in resources, rich in land and rich in untapped resources, with more than 13.1 billion barrels of oil along the coast and diamonds in the interior. [1]

Chinese name

The Republic of Angola

English name

The Republic of Angola

Simple name

Angola

State to which it belongs

Africa

The first capital

Luanda

major city

Cabinda, Wambo, Benguela.

National Day

November 11, 1975

National anthem

"Angola, move forward! "

Country code

AGO

Official language

Portuguese

Cargo currency

Kwanzaa (Kwanza)

Time zone

UTC+1, 7 hours later than Beijing time

Political system

Presidential republic

National leader

President: Jose Educardo dos Santos

Population quantity

22.14 million (2014)

Population density

18.7 persons per square kilometer (estimated in 2014)

Major ethnic groups

Austrian du, Mbendu, Ba-Congolese

Major religions

Catholicism, Protestantism

Land area

1246700 square kilometers

Water domain rate

1.1%

Total GDP

131.401 billion US dollars (2014, international exchange rate)

Per capita GDP

5936 US dollars (2014, international exchange rate)

International area code

+ 244

International domain name abbreviation

.ao

Road traffic

Keep to the right

Human development index

0.526 2014

Portuguese name

A Rep ú blica de Angola

Catalogue

1 History

2 regionalization

3Geography

▪ location domain

▪ terrain

▪ climate

▪ water system

▪ resources

4 Politics

▪ political situation

▪ Constitution

▪ Council

▪ government

▪ justice

▪ political party

▪ dignitaries

5 military

▪ national defense

▪ military strength

6 economy

Overview of ▪

▪ industry

▪ agriculture

▪ fishery

▪ animal husbandry

▪ tourism

▪ construction industry

▪ Finance and Finance

▪ foreign trade

▪ foreign capital

▪ foreign aid

7 diplomacy

▪ foreign policy

▪ external relations

8 population

9. Transportation

▪ highway

▪ railway

▪ water transportation

▪ Air Transport

10 Society

▪ people's life

▪ education

▪ press and publication

▪ communication

11 culture

▪ symbol

▪ language

▪ religion

▪ art

▪ Holiday

12 Tourism

▪ Msulu, I.

▪ Museum of Anthropology

▪ military Museum

13 specialties

▪ Cabinda bark

▪ coffee

▪ sisal

History

Editing

A scene on the outskirts of Angola

Angola, originally known as Portuguese West Africa, was originally the most economically valuable and richest colony in Portugal. In 1475, in order to explore the sea route to India, the Portuguese Diogo Kang led a fleet of seven ships, carrying hundreds of soldiers and a small number of missionaries, along the west coast of Africa, finally came to Luanda in Angola, discovered all the coasts of Angola, and erected monuments at the mouth of the Congo River and Cape St. Augustine. At the same time, he brought a group of black slaves from Angola and returned to Portugal.

In 1483, Diogo returned to Angola, and the slaves he took to Portugal followed him back to Angola. At that time, Diogo had contact with the King of the Congo and won the friendship of the King of the Congo, so the King of the Congo also sent an envoy to stay in Lisbon, the capital of Portugal. In 1491, another Portuguese fleet arrived in Angola and went deep into the capital of the King of Congo, 120 miles west of the Congo River. Soon after, Portugal also set up an embassy in the capital of the King of the Congo, launched trade relations with the local natives and established a deep friendship with the natives. [2]

In 1575, the Portuguese began to occupy areas south of the Congo, established the city of Luanda, and conquered several indigenous tribes, allowing whites to slowly emigrate to Angola. Over the next 50 years, the Portuguese gradually expanded their territory. In 1617, Portugal established the city of Benguela in Angola, which became more stable and confirmed Portugal's position in Angola from then on. From 1640 to 1648, the Dutch captured some important ports here, which were later recaptured by the Portuguese. [1]

In the following two centuries, the economic development of Angola was slow. At that time, although the Portuguese were also committed to developing agricultural production in Angola, the main income of the Angolan colonies at that time depended on the slave trade to Brazil, which was not abolished until 1830. It was not until the late 19th century that Angola's economy turned inland, and the Portuguese began to actively develop agricultural and underground mineral resources. During World War I, Angola was attacked by German troops from South Africa. Because of the persistence of the Portuguese, they were not ravaged by the Germans.

Angola was designated as a Portuguese colony at the Berlin Conference held from 1884 to 1885. [3]

Portugal sent troops to occupy the whole of Angola in 1922. [3]

From 1951, Angola was transformed into an overseas province of Portugal: the governor was sent by the Portuguese government to govern. [3] in the 1970s, due to the influence of nationalist movements in Africa. Coupled with the fact that the life of black people in the country was too difficult, Angolans actually rebelled in January 1961. Demand independence. Guerrilla forces of the National Liberation Front of Angola in the north have established some strongholds in the jungle areas and used guerrilla tactics to attack Portuguese troops in Angola. It is based at the port of Ambraz, about 150 kilometers north of Luanda, led by their leader, Robra.

After the 1950s, in the struggle for national independence, the Angolan people's Liberation Movement (ANPLM), the Angolan National Liberation Front (FNL) and the National Union for the complete Independence of Angola (UNITA) were successively established.

The Anren Movement began its armed struggle on February 4, 1961.

In 1966, the Angolan people's Liberation Movement, led by Naito, appeared, which was entrenched in and around the Angolan capital, Luanda. At the same time, political organizations of the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola have also emerged in New Lisbon in the south. They each have a guerrilla force. But the three local political organizations do not coordinate with each other, they go their own way and fight with each other.

In January 1975, the Portuguese government finally agreed to the independence of Angola and signed a Peng Minna agreement, which asked the three Angolan political forces to reach an agreement on their own, so that there would be unified and legitimate representatives at the time of Angola's independence. take over the rule of Angola from the Portuguese. On November 10, 1975, the last Portuguese troops withdrew from Angola; on the 11th, Angola declared independence and established the people's Republic of Angola, ending 500 years of Portuguese colonial rule. [3]

In the same year, after the independence of Angola, the conflict between the people's Liberation Movement of Angola (MPLA;) supported by the Soviet Union and the National Union for the Total Independence of Angola (UNITA; UNITA) supported by the governments of the United States and South Africa turned into a national civil war. As a result, the pro-Soviet peace movement won and took power. From then on, the Angolan government formed an alliance with the Soviet Union and exercised one-party dictatorship.

The people's Democratic Republic of Angola disintegrated after the people's Movement of Angola defeated PLF and drove UNITA out of the city in 1976, and the people's Republic of Angola was gradually recognized by many countries around the world. However, the civil war between the government forces of the people's Republic of Angola and UNITA forces has intensified and has not yet subsided.

In July 1977, large-scale fighting broke out between Angolan government forces and UNITA forces in Mavenga and Quito Quanavale. Cuban and South African troops directly participated in the war, resulting in heavy losses on both sides. At this stage of the civil war, both the Angolan people's Movement side supported by the former Soviet Union and Cuba and the UNITA side supported by the United States and South Africa were involved in the Angolan civil war.

In 1982, the Angolan government and the United States began talks on the settlement of conflicts in southern Africa.

In February 1984, Angola and South Africa reached a "disengagement agreement." The negotiations have reached an impasse due to the insistence of the United States and South Africa on linking the withdrawal with the issue of Namibian independence, as well as the open military assistance provided by the United States to UNITA.

In July 1987, Angola and the United States resumed negotiations and met many times on the basis of the new proposals put forward by Angola and the United States. From January to March 1988, Angola, Cuba and the United States held many talks, during which Cuba expressed its willingness to withdraw its troops from Angola. During the talks in March, Angola and Cuba proposed to the United States a timetable for the withdrawal of Cuban troops from Angola within four years. Since May, the tripartite talks have been expanded to four-party talks between Angola, Cuba, the United States and South Africa. On August 8, Angola, Cuba and South Africa reached an agreement on a cease-fire in southern Angola and the withdrawal of South African troops from Angola.

On August 22, 1987, South Africa formally signed a ceasefire agreement with Cuba and Angola, stipulating that South African troops will withdraw from Angola from September 1. At the end of September, Angola, Cuba, the United States and South Africa reached an agreement on a timetable for the withdrawal of Cuban troops within 24 to 30 months. On December 13, Angola, Cuba and South Africa signed the Brazzaville Agreement, proposing that Cuba withdraw all its troops from Angola within 27 months from April 1, 1989.

In 1990, the Angolan government decided to abandon the socialist line and implement a multi-party government system the following year.

In May 1991, the government of the Angolan people's Movement and the leader of UNITA, Savimbi, signed the Beth Peace Agreement with the intervention of Portugal. [3]

In September 1992, Angola held its first multi-party elections since independence. UNITA lost and refused to accept the election results. Angola fell back into civil war. [3]

Under the coordination of the United Nations, the two sides signed the Lusaka Peace Agreement in November 1994 through negotiations. The agreement includes the demobilization of the armed forces of both sides, the establishment of a new national defense force, the demilitarization of UNITA and the extension of government administration to areas controlled by UNITA. Since then, the peace process has moved slowly through twists and turns. [3]

In April 1997, the Angolan Government of National Unity and Reconciliation with the participation of UNITA members and the MPLA as the main body was established. [3]

Since the first half of 1998, due to UNITA's refusal to implement the peace agreement, the situation in Angola has been tense and the peace process has reached an impasse. In early September, there was a division within UNITA, and some senior members of UNITA formed an "Innovation Committee", openly opposing UNITA Chairman Savimbi and advocating cooperation with the government. The Angolan government immediately acknowledged that the committee represented UNITA, announced that it would only negotiate with it, and accused Savimbi of being a war criminal and would no longer talk to him. In mid-November, the civil war in Angola broke out again. The peace process in Angola has indeed been aborted. The United Nations sent 7000 peacekeeping troops to Angola in 1995 and set up the United Nations Observer Mission in Angola in July 1997. In February 1999, at the request of the Angolan government, the United Nations Security Council decided to terminate Monua.

In February 2002, UNITA leader Savimbi was killed by government forces. On April 4, the Angolan government signed a ceasefire agreement with UNITA. Angola ended 27 years of civil war, achieved a comprehensive peace, and began to enter a period of post-war recovery and reconstruction. [3]