Santa Cruz Manor, a coffee-producing country in the Galapagos Islands, formed by volcanic eruptions

The Galapagos Islands are formed by volcanic eruptions, with tall volcanoes standing on the island, the highest on Isabella Island (Isabel), the largest in the archipelago, called Wolf Volcano (1707 meters), and the second highest is an extinct volcano, also on the island, Mount Asul (1689 meters). The natural lakes formed by some craters are like Jasper inlaid at the summit of a volcano, shining brightly. The rugged surface is covered with dark red volcanic eruptions. Although the archipelago is not far from the equator, due to the influence of the Peruvian cold current, it is not suitable for the growth of tropical rain forests with high temperature, rainy and luxuriant plants all the year round, with only a few cacti and shrubs distributed along its coastal areas; tall trees grow on the higher slopes and are covered with ferns. Affected by the cold spell in Peru, although it is located near the equator, it is not hot and rainy all the year round. Such an environment is suitable for tropical and cold zone animals to live together. You can see many kinds of animals here: sea lions, seals, sea otters, pelicans, albatrosses, penguins, antonychins, flamingos and so on.

There is no doubt that Darwin was inspired by the flocks of Finch songbirds in the Galapagos. All these birds are descended from ancient strains that accidentally flew here from South America. They have found many idle habitats throughout the island and have evolved into 13 species that vary in size, beak shape, feather color, sound, diet and behavior. The difference of the beak of different species of birds is the best proof of this adaptive transmission. Some birds have typical seed-eating beaks, others that feed on cactus plants have a long, pointed beak, and some birds that feed on insects have a small nipple-shaped beak. Woodpeckers not only have a special beak, but also form a complex pattern of behavior, including the use of cactus thorns to capture larvae in cracks.

The most famous animals are giant sea turtles (also known as "elephant turtles"), which number in the thousands and are more than 1 meter long. mature turtles weigh about 180 kilograms, with the heaviest weighing up to 250 kilograms and the longest lifespan up to 400 years. The giant turtles here, even if they are of the same species, have different carapace shapes due to the different islands they live in.

It has also attracted worldwide attention because of the famous prehistoric reptile iguana (also known as "marine iguana"). These iguanas can dive into the water to catch food, while females have to travel long distances to the crater to lay eggs. This iguana feeds only on seaweed, and seven different species of marine iguanas, each showing significant differences, evolved on different islands. There is a terrestrial iguana endemic to the Galapagos archipelago on all six islands. The only remaining marine iguanas on earth can crawl on the sea floor, feed on seaweed and adapt to the sea way of life through underdeveloped webbed feet.