Yunnan coffee bean variety flavor description history, present situation and development prospect

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The main varieties of Yunnan coffee

Typica and Bourbon, two classic high-quality coffee varieties, are the main coffee cultivars in Yunnan. In 1991, Katimo Catimor series varieties (stronger virus resistance and higher yield) were introduced from Kenya. It is a variant of the Arabian species (also known as the small species). Because of the similarity of morphology and habits of these two varieties, they are often mixed and cultivated.

Tibica coffee is native to Ethiopia and southeastern Sudan and is the most widely cultivated coffee variety in the Western Hemisphere. The plants are more robust, but less tolerant to light, and yield more in Hawaii. The top leaf of Tibika is red copper color, which is called red top coffee.

Popan coffee is the second most common variety of Arabica coffee after tipica. The main branch and trunk initially grow upward at 45 degrees, drooping with fruit load, the branch nodes are dense, the results are more, and the yield is higher. But the berries are smaller and ripen slower. Bobang bud tender leaves are green, called green top coffee;

Catimor is an improved variety of the Tibica species, with 25% of the Robusta gene.

From the botanical point of view of coffee, Yunnan Arabica coffee and recognized as the best Jamaica Blue Mountain (Jamaica Blue Mountain), Hawaii Kona (Kona) have genetic similarity.

Yunnan coffee's main producing areas

Arabica coffee suitable for growth in the mountains 800--1800 meters above sea level, if the altitude is too high, sour taste, too low taste bitter. Arabica coffee is mostly planted in dry and hot valley areas at an altitude of 1100 meters, so the acidity is moderate, the flavor is rich and mellow. Many areas of Yunnan Province have unique environments suitable for the growth of Arabica coffee, and the Arabica coffee produced is of excellent quality.

Planting areas are mainly distributed in Lincang, Baoshan, Simao, Xishuangbanna, Dehong and other prefectures.

The average temperature of Lujiang Dam in Baoshan is 21.5℃, the highest is 40.4℃, and there is basically no frost all year round. The Arabica coffee cultivated here is strong but not bitter, fragrant but not strong, well-proportioned in small particles, mellow and fruity, and is recognized as the best Arabica coffee producing area. The Arabica coffee cultivated here is famous for its strong but not bitter, fragrant but not strong, well-proportioned grain facets, mellow fragrance and fruity flavor.

After inspecting Yunnan coffee planting and primary processing bases, experts from the International Coffee Organization evaluated Yunnan coffee as Colombia wet-processed Arabica coffee, which is the highest quality coffee in the world.

Arabica coffee and Yunnan coffee

Coffee originated in Africa, and all the confusing stories about coffee discovery are inseparable from this basic fact about Africa.

It was first cultivated in Taiwan in 1884.

In 1908, Hainan Island, Yunnan and Guangxi began to introduce cultivation.

In 1914, Jingpo people planted in Nongxian Village, Ruili County. It was just ornamental plants in front of and behind the house.

In the 1950s, coffee growing areas in Yunnan expanded to Yingjiang, Longchuan, Ruili, Luxi, Baoshan, Jinghong, Binchuan, Dayao and Xinping in Yuxi.

Coffee cultivation was introduced in the 1950s, and the products were mainly exported to the former Soviet Union and the former Eastern European socialist countries. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, coffee exports were also affected by the gradual disruption of economic relations with the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. Coffee consumption was regarded as a capitalist way of life in the country at that time, so coffee production almost came to a complete halt due to the lack of a market base.

In the early 1980s coffee production resumed and new developments took place. Especially in 1985 Baoshan Lujiangba planted Arabica won the honorary certificate of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation, won the "Lujiang No.1" laudatory name at the Canton Fair, and Yunnan coffee represented by Baoshan Lujiang Arabica coffee rose to international fame for a while. Yunnan Arabica coffee has become the brand of Yunnan coffee.

In fact, Arabica coffee is optimized on the basis of the earliest varieties planted in Yunnan. It is the real "Yunnan".

In the early 1990s, Yunnan coffee production began to enter a period of rapid growth, and new varieties were continuously introduced, such as arabica-bobun, which is currently the most widely cultivated in Yunnan. New varieties are introduced according to the needs of international buyers, but international buyers do not guarantee the complete acquisition of coffee. When the coffee market fluctuates greatly, Yunnan coffee growers begin to experience severe tests.

Due to the earliest international reputation of Yunnan Arabica (arabica-smal) and the customary understanding of the market for quite a long time, Yunnan coffee is generally called Yunnan Arabica coffee to this day. This has violated the objective facts of later planting development, and at the same time, Yunnan coffee has been introduced into an extensive management path.

It should be noted that different varieties have their own different taste styles, just like we choose rice. Even in different geographical and climatic areas of Yunnan, the same variety shows different tastes "personality" combined with local soil kinship. Extensive management not only obliterates the differences between different varieties of styles, but also allows the once famous Yunnan-"Yunnan Arabica Coffee" to load things that do not belong to it. In addition to professionals, it is difficult to find the wonderful feeling of real Arabica coffee in the market. And isn't this the same sad thing about the varieties introduced later?

Yunnan is located in the south of the Tropic of Cancer subtropical mountain climate zone, has a unique plateau red soil, fertile loose soil, mild climate, especially suitable for planting small coffee, here can grow the best coffee in the world.

Yunnan Coffee

Lujiangba, the best coffee producing area in China, is Baoshan's "tropical treasure house". The average temperature in the dam is 21.5℃, the highest is 40.4℃, and there is basically no frost all year round. The Arabica coffee cultivated here is famous for its strong but not bitter, fragrant but not strong, well-proportioned grain facets, mellow fragrance and fruity flavor.

Yunnan was first introduced by French missionaries in 1902. Up to now, 24 coffee trees with more than 90 years old still grow in Zhukula Township, Binchuan County. In 1914, the Jingpo people of Ruili were introduced from Myanmar to Nongxian Stronghold. Variety types include small seed, medium seed and large seed. Stems erect, leaves simple and opposite. Several flowers clustered in leaf axils, color white fragrance. Fruit is drupe, by epicarp, mesocarp, seed coat, seed kernel composition. There are usually 1 seed, occasionally 2 or 3 seeds. It should be planted in sandy soil with annual rainfall of 1000--1800mm, loose soil, fertile soil and good drainage, pH value of 6--6.5, annual average temperature of 18--25℃, and altitude below 1400 meters.

Yunnan coffee is mainly distributed in Baoshan, Simao, Yuxi, Dehong and other 11 prefectures and cities. Tiebika and Bobang are two classic coffee varieties, which are the main coffee cultivars in Yunnan. It is a variant of the Arabian species (also known as the small species). Because of the similarity of morphology and habits of these two varieties, they are often mixed and cultivated. The top buds of Bobang are green, called green top coffee; the top leaves of Tibika are red copper, called red top coffee.

Yunnan coffee was planted on a large scale in the mid-1950s, and the planting scale once reached 4000 hectares. By the end of 1997, the province's coffee planting area had reached 7800 hectares. At present, the province's planting area accounts for 70% of the country's area, and its output accounts for 83% of the country's total. Whether it is from the planting area or coffee bean output, Yunnan coffee has established its dominant position in China.

Yunnan coffee suitable planting areas are distributed in Simao, Banna, Wenshan, Baoshan, Dehong and other areas in the south and southwest of Yunnan Province.

The growing period of Yunnan coffee

Coffea arabica berry Yunnan Coffea arabica 3- 4 year old fruiting tree.

Coffee is a short-day plant. Coffee has the characteristics of multiple flowering and concentrated flowering. Coffea arabica flowers from February to July and blooms from March to May in Yunnan. The flowering of coffee is greatly affected by climate, especially rainfall and temperature. Coffee flower life is short, only 2- 3 days. Arabica coffee generally opens at 3- 5 in the morning and blooms at 5- 7.

Coffee fruits take longer to develop. Arabica coffee fruit ripens in 8- 10 months, usually in October-December of the year. Rainfall has a great influence on fruit development, and climate conditions directly affect fruit development.

In 1892, when French missionaries successfully planted the first coffee tree in a place called Zhukula for their own coffee needs, he might not have thought that coffee would become a highlight of Yunnan plateau characteristic agriculture a hundred years later. In the 1950s, Yunnan Province began to grow coffee on a large scale. The Coffee Industry Development Plan of Yunnan Province (2010-2020) issued in 2011 has established a new direction for the development of coffee industry.

Baoshan Pu 'er Dehong coffee gold planting area has a large number of hot zone resources with low latitude, high altitude and large temperature difference between day and night, making Yunnan a gold planting area for producing Arabica (small grain) coffee with high quality.

After more than 60 years of development, Baoshan Arabica coffee industry has become a characteristic industry with an annual output value of nearly 500 million yuan. Baoshan coffee industry, has created a lot of glory, in 1980, the National Coffee Conference Baoshan coffee was praised as "the crown of the national coffee";1992, in the first China Agricultural Expo, Baoshan coffee was awarded the highest silver medal; In 1993, he won the Eureka Gold Award at the 42nd Brussels Eureka Expo in Belgium... Last year, the coffee planting area of Pu 'er City reached 650,000 mu, becoming the main coffee producing area and coffee trade distribution center with the largest area, highest yield and best quality in China. At the same time of "quantity", Pu 'er is also seeking a breakthrough in "quality". In recent years, Pu 'er City government, enterprises and coffee farmers have strengthened coffee variety breeding and coffee bean intensive processing, introduced international coffee giants, borrowed their planting and production technologies, and "went out" to expand the market while improving the quality of raw materials, so as to make Pu' er coffee brand break cocoon and grow. A series of measures, such as the construction of coffee manor, coffee museum, coffee style street and the holding of China Coffee Culture Festival, have enabled the blueprint for the development of Pu 'er coffee industry to unfold slowly.

In Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, mature price protection mechanism, scientific and technological support and perfect management system are the source of coffee growers 'bottom gas. It is understood that Dehong Hougu Coffee Co., Ltd. has given full play to its leading role since 2004 and implemented the "three unified and three guarantees" measures of price protection, investment protection, quality protection and unified acquisition, unified processing and unified sales.

Statistics show that in 2012 Yunnan coffee planting area has exceeded 1.3 million mu, yield reached 65,000 tons, an increase of 90% and 62% respectively. The target for 2015 has been achieved ahead of schedule. The average yield per mu of Yunnan coffee this year is as high as 225 kg, but the domestic market price is only 16 to 17 yuan/kg. Although there is a general decline in global purchase prices, Yunnan coffee has not sold a good price in the market, but it makes people think deeply. Brazilian coffee yields about 80 kg per mu and sells for 30 to 33 yuan/kg. Colombia is 52 kg and sells for 35 to 38 yuan/kg.

Yunnan coffee prices shrink, many people think because we do not have pricing power. "This is a misunderstanding." Li Gongqin, secretary-general of the Coffee Industry Association of Yunnan Province, said that although Yunnan coffee planting area and output accounted for more than 98 percent of the country's total, it was less than 1 percent of the world's output. Even if all suitable land in Yunnan is planted with coffee, the proportion is not large, and pricing power cannot be obtained from the yield.

"Although it's unrealistic to have pricing power, we can fight for the right to speak." Li Gongqin believes that the key to having the right to speak is quality. For example, he said, Jamaica's blue mountain coffee production in 2012 was only 2400 tons, but in the domestic market raw beans sold for as high as 400 to 500 yuan a kilogram, precisely because of high quality.

Professor Cheng Da of Biological Industry Office of Yunnan Province believes that Yunnan's goal of building fine coffee industry is correct, but in practice, scientific industrial planning is not carried out according to market demand and trend, and the overall design of the industry is lacking; the neglect of management and lack of technical support in post-production processing cause a large loss of the value of advantageous resources.

The standard tree leader mainly focuses on "Yunnan Coffee" brand coffee from planting to becoming a commodity, through picking, peeling, fermentation and other links, any link determines the quality of coffee. In addition, there is also a saying in the industry,"Because Yunnan coffee industry lacks quality standards that can be uniformly implemented, buyers can use their own standards to walk around Yunnan production areas, and the purchase price can be reduced from more than 20 yuan to more than 10 yuan." Li Gongqin believes that the government should formulate the standard of coffee planting and processing as soon as possible, and at the same time formulate the unified quality standard of Yunnan coffee, and get effective implementation, so as to enhance the market competitiveness.

"No matter how good the quality of our coffee beans is, people only remember the names of Nestle and Starbucks, but they don't remember Beigui." Beigui Coffee Co., Ltd. general manager Deng Jialu said. Nestle has been buying coffee beans in Pu 'er for many years, but consumers only know "Nestle" in the market, not Pu' er or Yunnan. On the other hand, Yunnan coffee enterprises "small, scattered, chaotic" status quo, but also become a brand constraints. Coffee giant is a global procurement, Yunnan coffee procurement is limited after all, if there is no coffee backbone enterprises of their own, after all, is subject to others.

In Li Gongqin's view, Yunnan, as the main coffee producing area in China, should have strong local leading enterprises and well-known national brands, both international and domestic markets. To cultivate and support leading enterprises, we should stand at the height of the whole province and plan in a game of chess, promote the optimal combination of funds, talents, technology and other resources, and maximize the advantages and functions of local leading enterprises. Yunnan will not only grow coffee, but also sell coffee. For the international market, the brand of "Yunnan Coffee" should be the main brand; for the domestic market, the main brand of local leading enterprises should be promoted.