Description of the characteristics and Flavor of Yunnan small-grain Coffee varieties

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Small grains of coffee and Yunnan coffee

Coffee is native to Africa, and all the complicated and confusing stories about coffee are inseparable from the basic fact that it is related to Africa.

China first planted it in Taiwan in 1884.

In 1908, Hainan Island, Yunnan and Guangxi began to introduce planting.

In 1914, the Jingpo people were planted in Nongxian Village, Ruili County. At that time, it was just an ornamental plant in front and back of the house.

In the 1950s, coffee planting areas in Yunnan expanded to Yingjiang, Longchuan, Ruili, Luxi, Baoshan, Jinghong, Binchuan, Dayao and Yuxi Xinping.

Coffee cultivation was introduced in the 1950s, and the products were mainly exported to the former Soviet Union and the former socialist countries of Eastern Europe. By the late 1950s and early 1960s, coffee exports were also affected by the gradual interruption of economic ties with the former Soviet Union and Eastern European countries. At that time, coffee consumption was regarded as a capitalist way of life in China, so coffee production almost completely came to a standstill due to the lack of market basis.

In the early 1980s, coffee production resumed and there was a new development. In particular, the small grain coffee planted in Lujiangba in Baoshan in 1985 won the honorary certificate of the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation and won the laudatory name of "Lujiang No.1" at the Canton Fair. Yunnan coffee, represented by Baoshan Lujiang small grain coffee, became famous in the world. Yunnan small grain coffee has become the brand of Yunnan coffee.

In fact, small-grain coffee is optimized on the basis of the earliest varieties planted in Yunnan, it is the real "Yunnan".

In the early 1990s, coffee production in Yunnan began to enter a period of rapid growth, and new varieties were constantly introduced, such as arabica-bobun, which is the most widely planted in Yunnan. New varieties are introduced according to the needs of international buyers, but international buyers do not guarantee the complete purchase of coffee. When there are great fluctuations in the coffee market in the international market, coffee growers in Yunnan began to experience a severe test.

Due to the earliest reputation of Yunnan small grain coffee (arabica-smal) in the world, and the habitual understanding of the market for quite a long time, Yunnan coffee is widely known as Yunnan small grain coffee. This has gone against the objective facts of later planting and development, and at the same time, Yunnan coffee has been introduced into a way of extensive management.

It should be noted that different varieties have their own different tastes and styles, just like we choose rice. Even, in areas with different geographical and climatic conditions in Yunnan, the same variety shows its different taste "personality" combined with local soil. Extensive management not only obliterates the differences in varieties with different styles, but also loads the once famous Yunnan name "Yunnan small Coffee" with things that do not belong to it, except for professionals. it's hard to find the wonderful feeling of real small-grain coffee on the market. And this, in the later introduction of varieties is not the same sad?

Yunnan is a subtropical mountain climate zone south of the Tropic of Cancer, with unique plateau red soil, rich and loose soil and mild climate, which is especially suitable for growing small-grain coffee, which can grow the best coffee in the world.

The main varieties of coffee in Yunnan

Typica and Bourbon, two classic high-quality coffee varieties, are the main coffee varieties in Yunnan. In 1991, Katimo Catimor series varieties were introduced from Kenya (with stronger anti-virus ability and higher yield). A variety of Arabian species (also known as small seed species). Because the morphology and habits of the two varieties are similar, the two varieties are mostly mixed.

Tibica coffee, native to Ethiopia and southeastern Sudan, is the most widely cultivated variety of coffee in the Western Hemisphere. The plant is stronger, but not light-tolerant, and the yield is higher in Hawaii. The top leaf of Tibika is red and copper, which is called red top coffee.

Bourbon coffee is a variety of small-grain coffee second only to Tibica. At first, the main branch and the trunk grew upward at 45 degrees, and drooped with fruit load, the lateral branches were denser, the fruit was more, and the yield was higher. But the berries are smaller and ripen more slowly. The top bud of Bobang is green, which is called green top coffee.

Cardamo Catimor is an improved variety of Tibika, with a gene of 25% Robusta.

From the botanical point of view of coffee, Yunnan small-grain coffee is genetically similar to the recognized best blue mountains in Jamaica (Jamaica Blue Mountain) and Kona in Hawaii.

The main producing areas of coffee in Yunnan

Small-grain coffee is suitable for growing in the mountain area of 800 meters above sea level. If the altitude is too high, it will taste sour, and if it is too low, it will taste bitter. Small grains of coffee are mostly planted in dry and hot valleys at an altitude of 1100 meters above sea level, so they are moderately sour, rich and mellow. There is a unique environment suitable for the growth of small seed coffee in many areas of Yunnan, and the quality of small seed coffee is excellent.

The planting areas are mainly distributed in Lincang, Baoshan, Simao, Xishuangbanna, Dehong and other states.

The average temperature of Lujiang dam in Baoshan is 21.5 ℃, the highest is 40.4 ℃, and there is almost no frost all the year round. The small-grain coffee cultivated here is strong but not bitter, fragrant but not strong, well-proportioned, mellow and fruity, so it is recognized as the best producing area of small-grain coffee. The small-grain coffee cultivated here is famous at home and abroad for its strong but not bitter, fragrant but not strong, well-proportioned small noodles, mellow and fruity.

After inspecting the coffee planting and primary processing base in Yunnan, international coffee organization tasting experts rated Yunnan coffee as the kind of small seed coffee processed by Colombian wet processing, which is the highest quality coffee in the world.

Brief introduction of Yunnan Coffee

Lujiangba in the dry and hot valley of the best coffee producing area in China is the "tropical treasure house" of Baoshan. The average temperature in the dam is 21.5℃, the highest is 40.4 ℃, and there is almost no frost all the year round. The small-grain coffee cultivated here is famous at home and abroad for its strong but not bitter, fragrant but not strong, well-proportioned small noodles, mellow and fruity.

Yunnan was first introduced by French missionaries in 1902. Up to now, there are still 24 coffee trees more than 90 years old in Zhukula Township, Binchuan County. In 1914, the border people of the Ruili Jingpo nationality were introduced from Burma to Nongxian Village. The variety types are small grain species, medium grain species and large grain species. Stem erect, simple leaves opposite. Several flowers are clustered in leaf axils, white and fragrant in color. The fruit is a drupe, which is composed of exocarp, mesocarp, seed coat and kernel. There are usually 1 seed, occasionally 2 or 3. It is suitable to plant in the sandy soil with a rainfall of 1000 Mel 1800mm, loose soil, fertile soil and good drainage, with a pH value of 6 Mel 6.5, an average annual temperature of 18 Mel 25 ℃, and an altitude of less than 1400 meters.

Yunnan coffee is mainly distributed in 11 prefectures and cities, such as Baoshan, Simao, Yuxi and Dehong. Tibika and Bobang, two classic high-quality coffee varieties, are the main cultivated varieties of coffee in Yunnan. A variety of Arabian species (also known as small seed species). Because the morphology and habits of the two varieties are similar, the two varieties are mostly mixed. Bobang terminal bud tender leaves are green, called green top coffee; Tiebika top leaves are red copper, called red top coffee.

Yunnan coffee was planted on a large scale in the mid-1950s, with a planting scale of 4000 hectares at one time. By the end of 1997, the planting area of coffee in the province had reached 7800 hectares. At present, the planting area of the province accounts for 70% of the national area, and the output accounts for 83% of the whole country. Yunnan coffee has established the dominant position in China in terms of planting area and coffee bean production.

The suitable planting areas of coffee in Yunnan are distributed in Simao, Banna, Wenshan, Baoshan and Dehong in the south and southwest of Yunnan.

The growing period of Yunnan Coffee

Small-grained coffee berries Yunnan small-grained coffee 3murl-4-year-old fruit tree.

Coffee is a short-day plant. Coffee has the characteristics of multiple flowering and concentrated florescence. The flowering period of small seed coffee in Yunnan is 2mi-July, and the flowering period is 3m-May. The flowering of coffee is greatly affected by climate, especially rainfall and temperature. The life span of coffee flowers is short, only 2 murmurs for 3 days. Small seed coffee usually opens at 3: 00 am and 5: 00 am, and blooms at 5: 00 am.

The development time of coffee fruit is longer. It takes 10 months for the fruit of small seed coffee to ripen in 10-December of the year. Rainfall has a great influence on fruit development, and climatic conditions directly affect fruit development.

In 1892, when the French missionary successfully planted the first coffee tree in a place called Zhukula for his own coffee needs, he might not have thought that a hundred years later coffee would become a bright spot of characteristic agriculture on the Yunnan plateau. In the 1950s, Yunnan Province began to grow coffee on a large scale. The Development Plan of Yunnan Coffee Industry (2010-2020), issued in 2011, has established a new direction for the development of coffee industry.

Baoshan Pu'er Dehong coffee gold planting area has a large number of hot area resources with low latitude, high altitude and large temperature difference between day and night, which makes Yunnan a gold planting area for producing high-quality coffee such as Arabica coffee.

After more than 60 years of development, Baoshan small-grain coffee industry has become a scale and has become a characteristic industry with an annual output value of nearly 500 million yuan. The coffee industry in Baoshan has created a lot of splendor. Baoshan small grain coffee was known as "the crown of national coffee" at the National Coffee Conference in 1980; in 1992, at the first China Agricultural Expo, Baoshan small grain coffee was awarded the highest silver medal; in 1993, it won the Eureka Gold Award at the 42nd Brussels Eureka Fair in Belgium. Last year, the planting area of coffee in Pu'er City reached 650000 mu, making it the main coffee producing area with the largest area, the highest yield and the best quality in China and the main distribution center for coffee trade. At the same time of "quantity", Pu'er is also seeking a breakthrough in "quality". In recent years, the Pu'er municipal government, enterprises and farmers have strengthened the selection of coffee varieties and the intensive processing of coffee beans, introduced international coffee giants, learned from their planting and production technology, and "went out" to expand the market while improving the quality of raw materials. let Pu'er coffee brand grow. A series of measures such as the construction of coffee manors, coffee museums, coffee style streets and the holding of China Coffee Culture Festival have made the blueprint for the development of Pu'er coffee industry slowly unfold.

In Dehong Dai Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture, mature price protection mechanism, support of science and technology and perfect management system are the source of coffee growers' confidence. It is understood that Dehong Hougu Coffee Co., Ltd. has fully played a leading role since 2004, implementing the "three unified and three guarantees" measures of protecting price, investment, quality and unified purchase, unified processing and unified sales.

Statistics show that the planting area of coffee in Yunnan has exceeded 1.3 million mu in 2012, with an output of 65000 tons, an increase of 90 per cent and 62 per cent respectively over the same period last year. The acreage has reached the 2015 target ahead of schedule. The average yield of coffee in Yunnan is as high as 225 kilograms per mu this year, but the domestic market price is only 16 to 17 yuan per kilogram. Although there is a general decline in global purchase prices, Yunnan coffee is not sold at a good price in the market, which is thought-provoking. The yield of Brazilian coffee is about 80 kilograms per mu and the selling price is 30 to 33 yuan / kg. Colombia is 52 kilograms and sells for 35 to 38 yuan per kilogram.

The price of coffee in Yunnan has shrunk, and many people think it is because we do not have the pricing power. "this is a misunderstanding." Li Gongqin, secretary general of the Yunnan Coffee Industry Association, said that although Yunnan accounts for more than 98% of the country's coffee acreage and output, it accounts for less than 1% of the world's output. Even if all the suitable land in Yunnan is planted with coffee, the proportion is not large, and the pricing power cannot be obtained from the output.

"although it is not realistic to have the pricing power, we can fight for the right to speak." Li Gongqin believes that the key to having a voice is quality. He said, for example, that Jamaica's Blue Mountain coffee produced only 2400 tons in 2012, but raw beans sold for as much as 400 to 500 yuan a kilogram in the domestic market, precisely because of its high quality.

Professor Cheng Da of the Biological Industry Office of the Yunnan Provincial Government believes that the goal of building a high-quality coffee industry in Yunnan is correct, but in practice, it does not carry out scientific industrial planning in accordance with market demand and trends, and lacks the overall design of the industry; the neglect of management and the lack of technical support in post-natal processing have resulted in a large loss of the value of superior resources.

The standard tree leader mainly plays the role of "Yunnan Coffee" brand coffee from planting to becoming a commodity, after picking, peeling, fermentation and other links, any link determines the quality of coffee. In addition, there is a saying in the industry, "because the Yunnan coffee industry lacks quality standards that can be implemented uniformly, buyers can reduce the purchase price from more than 20 yuan to more than 10 yuan by walking around the Yunnan producing area." Li Gongqin believes that the government should formulate norms for the cultivation and processing of coffee as soon as possible, and at the same time formulate unified quality standards for Yunnan coffee, which should be effectively implemented to enhance market competitiveness.

"No matter how good the quality of our coffee beans is, people only remember the names of Nestl é and Starbucks, not Beigui." Deng Jialu, general manager of Beigui Coffee Co., Ltd., said. Nestl é has been in Pu'er to buy coffee beans for many years, but consumers in the market only know "Nestle", not Pu'er or Yunnan. On the other hand, the "small, scattered, chaotic" status quo of Yunnan coffee enterprises has also become a constraint to establish a brand. Coffee giant is a global procurement, the procurement of Yunnan coffee is limited after all, if you do not have their own coffee backbone enterprises, it will be controlled by others after all.

In Li Gongqin's view, Yunnan, as the main coffee producing area in China, should have powerful local leading enterprises and well-known national brands, and develop both international and domestic markets. To cultivate and support leading enterprises, we should stand at the height of the province's chess planning, promote the optimal combination of capital, talent, technology and other resources, and maximize the advantages and role of local leading enterprises. Yunnan should not only be able to grow coffee, but also sell coffee. In view of the international market, we should focus on the "Yunnan Coffee" brand; in the face of the domestic market, the main promotion of the local leading enterprise brand.