Chinese Coffee Development Agricultural Research Institutes promote Chinese Coffee

At this point, the author's mood is agitated and dignified. Today, when Chinese coffee, especially Yunnan small-grain coffee, has developed to large-scale industrialization through the persistent cultivation of several generations of Chinese mainland and after several ups and downs, it is not easy to be rated as a first-class product by the International Coffee Organization (ICO). The author believes that the rapid rise of Yunnan small-grain coffee in Chinese mainland is inseparable from the outstanding efforts of researchers in China's agricultural research institutes. There is no doubt that technology has boosted the development of coffee in China.

In the early 1980s, there were many diseases and insect pests in Yunnan coffee planting area, among which rust, longicorn beetles and root pink scale were the most harmful, which greatly restricted the development of Yunnan small-grain coffee. In fact, Yunnan small-grain coffee is a variety of coffee cultivated in Yunnan plateau under the specific geographical and climatic environment, which is a mixture of two classic high-quality coffee varieties Typica and Bourbon in Arabica. In 1991, a series of Catimor varieties were introduced from Kenya. Because of their similar morphology and habits, the two varieties were cultivated in Yunnan. All belong to the variety of Arabian species (also known as small seed species).

From 1967 to 1968, Yunnan Dehong Institute of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (Dehong Institute) introduced rust resistant small seed coffee S288 from India for trial planting, and twice introduced 37 rust resistant coffee varieties S795 and S288 from Dehong Prefecture Agricultural Science Institute, which were preserved in the orchard. The new round of development of coffee equipped with anti-rust coffee varieties is the top priority. Scientific and technological workers place hopes on S288 coffee. Through 18 years of preservation and experimental observation, it has been proved that this variety is an ideal rust-resistant variety.

In October 1985, the test station of Dehong Sub-Bureau was presided over by the Science Office of Dehong Agricultural Reclamation Sub-Bureau. Experts from the Land Reclamation Design Institute, Banna Sub-Bureau, Dehong Prefecture Science and Technology Commission and other units were invited to the meeting to check and identify the scientific research results of the introduction and trial of rust-resistant coffee S288. The experts at the meeting all thought that this variety was a rare rust-resistant variety, and highly appraised the preservation of this variety during the difficult period of the Cultural Revolution. It has unanimously passed the acceptance appraisal of scientific research achievements. It is suggested that it should be vigorously promoted in hot and humid areas, and begin to be popularized and applied in the state and provinces. The seeds were introduced to South China, Xishuangbanna, Simao, Lincang, Honghe, Wenshan and other places for cultivation. The popularized planting area has reached 21333.33 hectares. "introduction, trial and Popularization of antirust Coffee S288" won the second prize for scientific and technological progress in Dehong Prefecture in 1985. However, because this variety is a rust-resistant variety of coffee selected in India in the 1930s, in addition to rust resistance, the yield and other agronomic characters have lagged behind and can not meet the needs of production.

Yu Hao, a former senior agronomist of Dehong Prefecture Agricultural Science Institute in Yunnan Province, was transferred from the Plant Protection Institute of South China Tropical crop Research Institute in the 1950s to carry out coffee rust research. He is an expert in coffee rust research in China. After he was transferred back to his original unit in 1985, he went to Dehong, Yunnan Province to conduct a coffee survey again in 1986. Jiang Ping of Lujiang Farm in Baoshan accompanied him to the unit to hold an academic report on coffee. Yu Hao expounded that the size of coffee fruit is a characteristic of coffee plant physiology on the issue of coffee high yield. Jiang Ping discussed how to control the occurrence of coffee in terms of horticultural measures. Technician Duan Baoting accompanied two experts to inspect the coffee garden in Lujiangba. After Yu Hao was transferred back to work at the South China Tropical crop Research Institute, he still studied coffee rust.

Yu Hao worked in Dehong for many years and understood that Dehong had good conditions for growing coffee, but the problem of rust restricted the development of coffee. According to the results of his research on coffee rust in Dehong, the higher the yield, the more serious the coffee rust, and no matter how much Bordeaux solution is sprayed. So after he returned to Hainan, with the help of the favorable conditions of the Tropical crop Research Institute and domestic and foreign scientific research institutions, he got in touch with the Portuguese Coffee Rust Research Center (hereinafter referred to as CIFC). In 1988, he obtained a series of rust-resistant coffee varieties such as Katim CIFC7960 (F6), CIFC7961 (F6), CIFC7962 (F6) and CIFC7963 (F6) from Dr. Carlos, director of CIFC, and sent CIFC7963 (F6) coffee with good comprehensive characters to our institute and Jiang Ping of Lujiang Farm in Baoshan. In May 1988, the 21 grams (102 seeds) sent by the institute were sown and raised seedlings in the same year, and 50 seedlings were obtained. In June 1989, they were planted on the roadside flat ground of the experimental team, with a planting distance of 1.5 × 2 meters. Thirty-nine plants were preserved in 1992, and the rust resistance and adaptability were observed. The first generation seeds were introduced to Ruili Farm in hot and humid areas, Zhaofang Farm Experimental Station, Zhaofang Farm fourth Farm, Xiang Gongtang Township in Luxi City and Longjiang River Valley in Longchuan County. Field rust inoculation experiments have been done many times, and rust spores have been artificially inoculated. However, most of the inoculation sites only produce macula, but do not produce rust spores and do not spread, with an incidence of 9.5%. The control (Bobang or Tibika) was 49%, showing a subimmune disease-resistant variety. The variety showed strong tree shape, short and compact growth, high rust resistance and high quality. The average yield of dried beans per plant was 0.78 kg, with a maximum of 1.4 kg. In 1993, 0.67 hectares were planted under the rubber forest in the orchard, 1 hectare was planted in the original 1966 Bibi area, 0.33 hectares were planted in Niu Riba and fertilizer experimental areas, and expanded for different site environments. In 1994, it was arranged to plant in Zhaofang and Lujiang New Town Farm. With the efforts of Jiang Ping of Lujiang Farm, 11 seedlings of CIFC7963 (F6) coffee were obtained by sowing and raising seedlings in the same year, and 11 seedlings were planted in Jiangping private land in the same year. In 1991, the Lujiang Farm Experimental Station established 0.17 hectares of experimental plots. By 1993, it had grown to 33.33 hectares for trial planting, and by 1995 it had been popularized and planted 66.67 hectares.

The introduction and trial planting of this variety was summarized and accepted in 1996, and it was popularized and used in production. During the Ninth five-year Plan period, seed 13059.3kg was popularized in Dehong, Baoshan, Wenshan, Simao, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Yuxi, Nujiang and Myanmar, with 200000 seeds and seedlings covering an area of 6 984hm2. After continuous breeding and promotion, the planting area of Katimo CIFC7963 F6 in the province has reached 10 000hm2. It has become the main variety in coffee production. The production of "7" high product line Katimo CIFC7963 F6 coffee has been included in the biological resources innovation project of Yunnan Province. At present, this variety accounts for 80% of the small grain coffee varieties grown in Yunnan.

In 1980, four departments and one agency of the CPC Central Committee held a national coffee work meeting in Baoshan, and coffee production was further developed. The Yunnan Provincial Hot area Development leading Group was established in 1986, headed by Vice Governor Jin Renqing, and carried out a "training course on tropical crop cultivation techniques" at the Tropical and Subtropical Economic crops Research Institute of Yunnan Academy of Agricultural Sciences (hereinafter referred to as the Institute of Thermal Economics). About 40 people from all over the province participated in the training for half a year, mainly coffee.

From 1985 to 1988, Secretary of the Provincial CPC Committee Pu Chaozhu, Governor he Zhiqiang, Vice Governor Jin Renqing, Vice Governor Zhao Tingguang, Vice Chairman of the standing Committee of the National people's Congress Qian Weichang, and responsible persons of the South Asia Office of the State paid great attention to the development of hot areas and coffee production. At this time, the coffee science and technology promotion work of the Institute was mainly in Baoshan, Dehong and Nujiang prefectures. By 1988, the coffee promotion area of the province was 831.7 hectares, with a total harvest area of 224.9 tons.

In 1989, the Swiss Nestle Coffee Company signed a 6666.66 hectare coffee production contract with Simao. Since then, McCoffee in the United States has also entered the Yunnan coffee market, which has greatly promoted the development of Yunnan coffee industry.

From 1992 to 1993, the Institute of Rejing sent seven scientific and technological personnel, including Zhang Xingcan and Huang Jiaxiong, to Gengma County, Lincang Prefecture, to assist McCoffee Coffee Company in the United States in coffee technical training and guiding production, with more than 40 trainers; and with Chinese-American Li Hualin, Brazilian expert Eduardo carried out academic exchanges and guided seedling cultivation and other work.

The initial processing of coffee is divided into dry processing, wet processing and semi-wet processing (mechanized peeling and degumming processing). Before 1980, Yunnan coffee processing mostly used dry processing, that is, fresh fruit was dried directly, and then shelled with a rice grinder for coffee rice. or artificial peeling, fermentation, drying and shelling for coffee rice. This method is difficult to dry, poor quality and low work efficiency. In 1979, Yang Zhihua and Li Chao of Rejing Institute invented coffee fresh fruit peeling machine and shelling machine on the basis of rice milling machine, with processing capacity of 250kg / h for fresh fruit and 120kg / h for coffee beans. This technology has been popularized and applied in the province.

With the production of Simao coffee in 1995, due to the limited mechanical processing capacity in China, 255CM vertical peeling machine was introduced from Colombia, which greatly improved the working efficiency, but this technology requires fermentation and consumes a lot of water. For this reason, on the basis of the investigation of Brazil in 1999, Wu Yongkang of the Institute of Heat and Economics introduced a combined machine for coffee peeling and degumming, which does not need fermentation to dry directly. After the introduction of this technology, through cooperation with Kunming Libang Machinery Co., Ltd., we have successfully held two mechanical training courses to train more than 100 talents for the whole province. Wen Zhihua of the Institute of Rejing has played an important role in this technology, taking part in lectures many times and going to the base to guide production. Ecological peeling and degumming machine has the advantages of water saving, stable quality and artificial control, so it has been used in most large coffee gardens.

Fragrance and Beverage Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (hereinafter referred to as fragrant drink Institute) Xinglong Xiang Beverage Institute. Since the 1960s, Xiangyin Institute has introduced and collected high-yield and disease-resistant varieties of domestic coffee from abroad for adaptive planting and disease resistance identification. Mondonovo was introduced from Mexico in 1974 and Cameroon from Cameroon. In 1978, 23 varieties (small seed species) were introduced from Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Mexico and Malaysia respectively. Among them, 4 varieties from Mexico, 1 from Malaysia and 1 from Brazil have good growth, reasonable tree type, strong resistance and high yield, so they are suitable to be popularized in the low altitude areas of Hainan. From 1960 to 1988, eight medium-grain coffee clones were selected by Xiangyin Institute after years of screening and line comparison test, and the cuttings propagation experiment was carried out. After regional planting in Xinglong and Chengmai of Hainan, the high and stable yield of 4 lines with good characters were analyzed by variance analysis. From the primary lineage ratio of 18 clones, 7 clones were selected for intermediate lineage ratio, and 5 varieties were selected to establish a comprehensive high yield test and demonstration base. When it is used to replace the low-yield coffee garden, the yield of dried beans is 2030~3550kg/h tons, and the yield is increased by 4 to 5 times, reaching the world's advanced level of "8".

6. Opening to the outside world and foreign enterprises to enter China's coffee market

Nestle Group, headquartered in Switzerland, is the largest food company in the world. In the early 1980s, Nestl é began talks with the Chinese government to invest in a factory in China and transfer its world-class know-how and rich expertise in nutrition and food processing to China. In 1990, Nestl é opened its first joint venture factory in Chinese mainland, and has since built a number of factories. Nestl é has helped China save a lot of foreign exchange by using local raw materials to produce equally high-quality food locally instead of imported products. Ninety-nine per cent of the products Nestl é sells on Chinese mainland are now made locally.

In the past 20 years, Nestl é's direct investment in Greater China from Switzerland has totaled 7 billion yuan. Nestl é Greater China is headquartered in Beijing and operates 21 factories. among them, 4 are in Shanghai, 3 in Guangdong Province, 4 in Tianjin, 3 in Sichuan Province, 2 in Shandong Province, 1 in Heilongjiang Province, 1 in Jiangsu Province, 1 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and 1 in Beijing area. and one in the Hong Kong Special Administrative region. In 2001, Nestl é established the Shanghai Nestl é R & D Center in Shanghai. In 2006, Nestl é's annual sales in Greater China reached 11.9 billion yuan and paid various taxes of about 1.1 billion yuan.

In 1997, Maxwell changed its name to Maxwell. Maxwell Coffee is the most popular coffee in the United States, and it is also a world-famous delicious coffee. Theodore Roosevelt, then president of the United States, praised "Good to the last drop" after drinking the coffee, which is now a registered trademark of Maxwell products. Maxwell Coffee first entered China in 1985.

The main businesses of Taiwan coffee chain in Chinese mainland are: Starbucks, Real Pot, Shangdao.

Starbucks adopts a regional authorization approach to divide the country into North China, Central China and South China, and form alliances and cooperate with different companies. Starbucks is generally rooted on the ground floor of some bustling commercial buildings or office buildings. After selecting the location of every store in the world, Starbucks asked the franchisee to send the floor plan and surrounding environment of the store to its headquarters in the United States to plan the decoration design, and then send the design drawings back to various places. Starbucks was introduced to the mainland in 1999 by Sun Dawei, who once operated McDonald's and Hardstone in Taiwan.

The reason why the real pot adopts the direct operation + franchise mixed chain mode is that it is "easy to train and provide model stores to franchisees". The real pot describes the ideal franchisee as follows: good moral character and credit, high enthusiasm and dedication to the coffee business. The franchisee needs to provide a shop of 150,200 square meters, and after paying a full fee of 1.2 million yuan, he will become the shopkeeper. Real pot's "hometown" is in Tokyo, Japan, and entered Taiwan in 1992. In Chinese mainland, there are 30 coffee chains, six of which are directly operated.

Shangdao adopts low-cost contract chain. The joining fee of Shangdao Coffee is only 60,000 yuan every four years. Go to the island to help franchisees choose the address of the store, and at the same time provide food and beverage materials, utensils, articles and supporting facilities with the characteristics of the island. Shangdao Coffee was founded by Taiwanese Chen Wenmin. In May 1997, Shangdao Coffee entered the mainland from Taiwan in cooperation with Tangcheng Group.