History of introduction and expansion of Coffee in China in the early stage of Coffee Development (5)

1. The first peak period of the development of coffee planting industry in China (1952-1961)

By the end of the 1940s, according to recorded figures, there were 2173.33 hectares of rubber plantations on Hainan Island, with a total of 867600 rubber trees, with an annual output of 199,000 tons of dry rubber, more than 300,000 coffee plants and an annual output of 1 ton of coffee beans. According to a survey in the early 1950s, a large number of coffee was left in Fushan area of Chengmai County, with a total of 70,000 plants, including more than 40,000 plants in Daji Village and more than 10,000 plants in Fushan Farm (Hongguang Farm). According to a survey in 1954, there were more than 290000 "2" plants on the island. Coffee was introduced into Leizhou Peninsula around 1949. Chen Jingyao, an old returned overseas Chinese from Xuwen County, brought back some small Arabic seeds from Malaya, raised seedlings and planted them in Keng Tsai Village.

When the people's Republic of China was founded, there were all kinds of waste waiting for prosperity. This country, which has just emerged from the semi-feudal and semi-colonial state and successive years of war, has entered a comprehensive social transformation: economy, politics, culture, ideas, and mode of production have all changed, developed and innovated with the founding of the people's Republic of China. The positive, scientific and progressive things grow up in the confrontation with the negative, ignorant and backward things. In order to consolidate the new regime, enhance the people's sense of identity with the new democratic politics, and accelerate the completion of social change, the first generation of central collective leadership represented by Mao Zedong is leading the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country to strive to restore the national economy. After the founding of the people's Republic of China, the cause of land reclamation in Guangdong is a brand-new cause developed by state investment and reclamation, construction and management on state-owned land. Party and state leaders are very concerned about the cause of land reclamation. Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Zhu de, Chen Yun, Deng Xiaoping, Dong Biwu, Chen Yi, Liu Bocheng, Ye Jianying, Deng Zihui, Guo Moruo and Wang Zhen have visited the reclamation area and are concerned about the development of the coffee industry. In 1952, Taiyang River Coffee Factory, the first coffee monopoly manufacturer in New China, was established at the overseas Chinese Farm in Xinglong Town, Wanning County, Hainan Province.

The development of coffee planting in Guangdong land reclamation began in 1954. Based on the original coffee tree, carefully select seeds for reproduction. In 1955, 127.47 hectares of coffee were planted in the state-owned reclamation farms in Hainan reclamation area. In 1956, the South China Reclamation Bureau applied to the state for foreign exchange and imported a total of 581.6 kilograms of coffee seeds from Indonesia and Malaya. The seeds were distributed to Hainan Reclamation Bureau, Western Guangdong Reclamation Bureau, Hepu Office, Yantang Reclamation Farm, South China Subtropical crop Science Research Institute and county demonstration farms. In the four years from 1956 to 1959, a total of 1426.67 hectares of coffee were planted. There are 55 farms (stations) for growing coffee (including trial planting), including 33 farms (stations) in Hainan Reclamation area, with 906.67 hectares of coffee growing, and 22 farms (stations) in western Guangdong Province, planting (including trial planting) coffee 520 hectares. A total of 53.7 tons of dry coffee beans were produced in these four years. This is the first exuberant period for the development of coffee farming in Guangdong.

In order to meet the needs of Eastern European countries and the Soviet Union in the 1950s, Yunnan Province promoted the development of Lujiangba coffee in Baoshan City, making Lujiangba the first small seed coffee production base in the country. At present (1994), this batch of original species is still the leading variety of small seed coffee in Yunnan, with an area of 2666.67 hectares, of course, its original mother plant no longer exists. However, judging from the current situation of planting in the field, the variety structure of Tiebi accounted for 83.6%, and the wave band accounted for 16.4%. At present, this batch of original seeds not only provide the demand for planting in the province, but also provide planting in Hainan, Guangdong and other places, but also continue to provide corresponding cultivation technical data. In this way, Lujiangba in Baoshan City has become the scientific research center and birthplace of small seed coffee in China, which has played a positive role in coffee production.

Full record of early trial and expansion of Yunnan Agricultural Coffee (1955-1980)

Serial number

Unit

Trial planting age

Trial planting area (ha)

Planting age

Planting area (ha)

Harvest time

Output (tons)

Remarks

one

Dehong Branch Test Station

1956

8.2

1961

458.6

1961

34.6

two

State-owned Lujiang Farm

1955

Unknown

1959

one hundred

1984

454.6

The yield per hectare is 2854.05 kg.

three

State-owned New Town Youth Farm

1956

0.97

1957

15.4

1960-

1985

307.33

The yield per hectare is 5692.5 kg.

four

State-owned Shuangjiang Farm

1956

10.47

1956

10.47

Unknown

Unknown

All replanted in 1975

five

State-run Chaofang farm

1956

53.33

1961

eighty-four

1985

1.52

The production area is 13.73 hectares.

six

State-owned Hekou Farm

1955

0.51

1985

4.47

0.43

seven

State-owned Jinghong Farm

1958

Unknown

1979

246.67

Unknown

eight

State-run olive dam farm

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

Unknown

nine

State-owned Kumachi Farm

-

-

1960

Unknown

-

-

ten

State-run Meng Provincial Farm

-

-

1959-1961

186.67

-

-

All scrapped in 1963

eleven

State-owned Tianbao farm

-

-

1959

84.93

Unknown

-

All scrapped in 1963

twelve

State-owned Babu Farm

1960

13.33

1980

2.28

1982-1985

67.28

thirteen

State-run health farm

1958

three hundred and twenty

1962

85.6

Unknown

-

All scrapped in 1961

fourteen

State-owned Simao Farm

-

-

1968

Unknown

-

-

fifteen

State-run Menglian Farm

1962

two

1985

two

sixteen

State-owned farming farm

-

-

1958

239.6

1961

1.94

Harvest area 22.67 hectares

seventeen

State-run Mengding Farm

-

-

1959

10.4

1985

47.69

Harvest area of 85.87 hectares

Yunnan Province began to develop coffee production in the mid-1950s, mainly planted in Shuangjiang Farm and Dehong Sub-Bureau Experimental Station in Lincang area, covering an area of 18.67 hectares, and also planted in small areas such as Chaofang, Hekou, Lujiang, Jinghong and Olive Dam. Because the local environment is suitable for coffee growth, since 1957, the farms have developed in a large area, and the first and most wonderful part in the history of Yunnan agricultural reclamation coffee planting has appeared. In 1960, the planting area of the whole reclamation area reached 2186.67 hectares, accounting for about 60% of the planting area of the province and about 4 "5" of the national cultivated area.

During the first peak period from 1952 to 1961, the coffee planting area in China was mainly in Hainan Island and Yunnan Province, with a total area of 5066.67 hectares, of which Hainan Island was 1426.67 hectares (cultivated variety is Robesta). Yunnan is 3644 hectares, of which 2186.67 hectares are cultivated in Yunnan, accounting for about 60%. The rural area of the province is 1457.33 hectares, accounting for about 40% (the cultivated variety is Arabika).

two。 Coffee in China experienced a low period of national macro-adjustment (1962-1980).

In August 1960, the CPC Central Committee put forward the eight-character policy of "readjusting, consolidating, enriching, and improving" and once again stressed the need to shorten the capital construction front. It was only after the 7,000-member meeting was held in early 1962 that the Central Committee gradually agreed. In April 1962, after the Central Financial and Economic Group approved and forwarded the report on discussing the 1962 Adjustment Plan by the Central Financial and Economic Group, it was only after the Central Committee of the CPC Central Committee approved and transferred the report on the 1962 Adjustment Plan that the problem that the infrastructure front had been too long for many years was seriously solved.

In the early 1960s, coffee was unsalable in the international market. Guangdong Land Reclamation carried out the management policy of "taking grain as the key link" and solved the problem of "grain self-sufficiency", and stopped developing coffee since 1962. Most of the original coffee plantations are in a state of desolation, with serious diseases and insect pests. All coffee gardens in the western Guangdong reclamation area were naturally eliminated, while a small part of the coffee plantations in Hainan reclamation area were preserved, and only 153.33 hectares were preserved in 1974.

From the official data of Yunnan agricultural reclamation, during the low period of coffee industry in China due to the national macro-adjustment, the author made memo statistics on the farms with more than 66.67 hectares of coffee: for example, the coffee grown in Yunnan Lujiang Farm was successfully introduced in 1955 and has developed greatly year by year, reaching 100 hectares in 1959. In the 1960s, due to market and price reasons, the farm cut coffee heavily, but in 1978 it retained only 20.33 hectares, which was already the most concentrated and largest small-grain coffee growing area in the country at that time.

The state-run farm planted 239.6 hectares in 1958 and was infected with rust in 1960. In 1961, the harvest area was only 22.67 hectares, with a total output of 1.94 tons of coffee beans and a yield of 577.5 kilograms per hectare. In the future, all of them will be scrapped except for the 0.67 hectares of experimental land of the second team.

Shuangjiang Farm of Lincang District Land Reclamation Bureau took the lead in planting 10.47 hectares of coffee in 1956. In 1959, various farms were planted one after another. By 1961, the total area reached 240 hectares, and some of them began to be put into production. In the spring of 1962, the Winter Solstice, in the spring of 1963, the reclamation area suffered a rare frost. The coffee on the farm in Meng province was reduced from 95.67 hectares to 9.4 hectares, with a loss of 92%, and the Mengsa farm was reduced from 73.67 hectares to 40 hectares. By 1970, there were only 2 hectares left in the whole reclamation area, and the original species area was almost completely scrapped.

186.67 hectares of coffee was planted on the state-run farm in Meng Province from 1959 to 1961. After it was put into production, it was scrapped in 1963 due to severe cold injury.

From 1959 to 1964, the maximum planting area of coffee in Wenshan Reclamation area of Wenshan Prefecture Land Reclamation Bureau reached 508.27 hectares, with a total production of 3.74 tons of coffee beans. Later, due to the hindrance of export, he was forced to change production.

After Yunnan's land reclamation in 1961, due to the restriction of product sales, a large number of unproduced coffee trees were destroyed. by 1970, only two farms in Lujiang and Xincheng had left 37.07 hectares. Although it has recovered somewhat since then, by 1980, the planting area of the whole reclamation area was only 78.53 hectares.

To sum up, China's coffee industry in the national macro-adjustment of China's coffee industry in the low period, the national coffee planting industry has seriously shrunk and entered the lowest period. There are four main reasons: (1) the continuous deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations and the closed-door policy and imperialist blockade at that time; (2) national macroeconomic adjustment, the focus of national agriculture is to solve the food problem related to the food and clothing of the people. (2) especially during the ten-year turbulent Cultural Revolution, the consumption of coffee was also regarded as an asset-price lifestyle, with limited sales in the domestic market, falling prices and setbacks in exports; (4) serious diseases and insect pests in coffee planting areas. seed expansion and yield are restricted.

3. Chinese coffee ushered in a recovery period with the country's reform and opening up (1981-1989).

From December 18 to 22, 1978, the third plenary session of Communist Party of China's 11th Central Committee was held in Beijing. The main achievements of this conference are: re-establishing the party's Marxist ideological line. The plenum resolutely criticized the erroneous policy of the "two whatevers", spoke highly of the discussion on the standard of truth, and established the guiding principle of emancipating the mind, using the brain, seeking truth from facts, and uniting to look forward. Re-established the Marxist political line. The plenum resolutely stopped using the slogans of "taking class struggle as the key link" and "continuing revolution under the dictatorship of the proletariat" and made a strategic decision to shift the focus of work to the socialist modernization drive.

In 1980, four ministries and one agency held the first national coffee conference in Baoshan City, Yunnan Province.

In 1980, nearly 20 years later, as the second main industry in Yunnan reclamation area, coffee began to develop again. Coffee mainly planted small seeds, including Bobang and Tibika. The eight-step farm first planted 8.73 hectares. Since 1981, natural protection and health have been planted in the upper limit of the glue planting area, and by 1985, the cumulative area has reached 225.8 hectares. Coffee was put into production in 1982 and produced 5.08 tons of dried beans, rising to 38.7 tons in 1985. A total of 108.82 tons of coffee beans were produced, of which 105.08 tons were produced in the later period. Babu Farm is a coffee-based farm. By 1985, the area had grown to 71.47 hectares. From 1982 to 1985, a total of 67.28 tons of coffee beans were produced, accounting for 64.0% of the total output of the whole branch. The factory has a simple processing plant for handling 50 tons of fresh fruit a day.

In the late 1980s, with the assistance of the United Nations Development Program in Yunnan and the participation of Nestle, Maize and other specialized coffee production groups, the price of coffee increased, up to 30 yuan per kilogram, and by the end of 1988, the area of the province recovered to more than 1333.33 hectares. Among them, Lujiang Dam in Baoshan City has more than 6.6667 million hectares, with a total output of about 500tons, but it has not yet reached the highest level in history.

In 1986, the Ministry of Commerce and Trade, together with the Haikou Municipal Government, borrowed 50 million yuan from the bank to build Haikou Lishen instant coffee factory, and introduced China's first instant coffee production line from abroad. The installation and commissioning began in the second half of 1987 and was put into production in 1988, and the product quality reached the international advanced standards. it is a successful case of China's coffee taking the lead in introducing, digesting and absorbing advanced equipment.

From 1980 to 1987, Guangdong cultivated a total of 3620 hectares of coffee, of which Hainan Agricultural Reclamation Bureau planted 1886.67 hectares, Tongshi Agricultural Reclamation Bureau planted 1300 hectares, and Western Guangdong Agricultural Reclamation Bureau planted 433.33 hectares.

4. The peak period of the comprehensive development of coffee industrialization in China (1990-2008)

In 1992, Yunnan Coffee Factory was established. It is a coffee cooperation project between the Chinese government and the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP). The total assets of the enterprise are RMB 23 million yuan, and the enterprise belongs to Yunnan Agricultural Reclamation Group Company. The company moved to Kunming National Economic and Technological Development Zone in 2004, covering a total area of 15751 square meters and a construction area of 4200 square meters. Main buildings: workshop 1248 square meters, warehouse 1774 square meters, office building 866 square meters. The factory process equipment: a full set of imported German NEUHAUS company automatic rotary fluid bed coffee roasting production line, Italy OPEM company vacuum shaping coffee powder automatic packaging machine and ICA company roasted coffee beans one-way valve preservation automatic packaging machine, to achieve a fully enclosed automatic production. Annual production capacity of 1000 tons, is the largest domestic production scale, the most complete professional manufacturer of roasted coffee.

From the late 1980s to the early 1990s, with the opening up to the outside world, the economic policy of invigorating the domestic economy, and the export of foreign exchange, Yunnan coffee has continuously entered the international market. Due to its excellent quality, it has been welcomed by consumers and has become the main foreign exchange earning crop in Yunnan. At the same time, this development situation promoted the development of coffee planting industry in Simao and other prefectures. Yunnan Province has a total area of 4666.67 hectares, the output of about 800 tons, steady growth and showing an upward trend year by year, began the third upsurge of coffee planting in Yunnan.

In April 1997, Yunnan Dehong Hongtian Group was established, mainly engaged in coffee and rubber trade. After many years of development, it has become the largest coffee planting, processing and deep processing integrated enterprise in China. Hongtian Group was rated as one of the 13 "Advanced Private Enterprises" in Yunnan Province in 2001; since 2002, it has been continuously rated as the key leading enterprise of agricultural industrialization by nine ministries and commissions of the state. Hongtian Group is the only national key leading enterprise in the coffee industry in China. Hongtian Group's "Hougu" trademark was rated as a famous trademark in Yunnan Province.

In 1998, the Opinions of the People's Government of Yunnan Province on Accelerating the Development of Coffee Industry was issued, and the coffee industry finally ushered in an opportunity for development. "From 1998 onwards, 140 million yuan will be injected annually. In order to ensure the smooth implementation of the plan, under the premise of adhering to the investment of enterprises and farmers, the provincial government decided to raise funds from financial support for agriculture, water conservancy capital construction funds, special loans for biological resources development, comprehensive agricultural development funds, special loans for the development of tropical areas, special loans for foreign trade export commodities, poverty alleviation funds, etc., and cooperate with various parties to form a joint force to accelerate the development of the coffee industry." Therefore, the historical milestone is fixed as the comprehensive development of coffee industrialization in China has entered the peak period.

Hump Coffee Manor Co., Ltd. was registered and established in 1999. It is a private enterprise specialized in planting, processing, roasting and selling high-quality alpine organic coffee in Yunnan Province. Baoshan Hump Coffee Manor Co., Ltd. invested 19.7 million yuan to develop and construct coffee plantations located in Baoshan Nujiang Grand Canyon, Gaoligong Mountain, Yunnan Province. 266.67 hectares of pure Arabica Alpine coffee are planted in the coffee garden, with an average planting altitude of 1300 meters.

In 2007, Hongtian Group successfully introduced Yunnan Industry Investment Management Co., Ltd., a subsidiary of Yunnan Province Industrial Investment Holding Group Co., Ltd., and both parties jointly established Dehong Hougu Coffee Co., Ltd. as a platform for both parties to develop coffee industry. In December 2007, it was registered and established in Dehong Prefecture Administration for Industry and Commerce with a registered capital of 150 million yuan. The company has more than 700 employees, including more than 400 coffee technicians. By 2008, the company had developed a total of 6666.67 hectares of coffee planting, including 4200 hectares of its own base, driving the development of farmers 2466.67 hectares, driving nearly 30,000 farmers. The company's new project of 3000 tons of instant coffee powder production line has been fully put into operation in September 2008.

The tropical crop development plan formulated by the Ministry of Agriculture of the People's Republic of China lists Yunnan as a priority for coffee development.

The government of Yunnan Province has also put forward opinions and measures to speed up the development of coffee industry for many times. Through many years of efforts, Yunnan coffee industry has developed rapidly and its industrial scale has been continuously expanded. It has become a unique characteristic industry and a new industry for farmers in tropical mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities in our province to shake off poverty and become rich. Yunnan coffee industry in all levels of party committees, governments and departments concerned with the support of care, rapid and healthy development, achieved remarkable results.

In 2007, the province's coffee planting area reached 20,400 hectares, and 19,000 hectares were put into production.

The annual output of coffee beans is 29,000 tons, with an average output of more than 1,500 kg/ha, ranking among the world's advanced levels. At present, Yunnan coffee planting area and output account for more than 97% of the total coffee area and total output in the country. Compared with 1990, the planting area of Yunnan Province has increased by 5 times and the output has increased by 27 times.

From Yunnan Province Agricultural Industrialization Management and Agricultural Products Processing Leading Enterprise Association 2009

August 3 information release said: our province has a unique natural environment suitable for the growth of small coffee, excellent quality, by the International Coffee Organization (ICO) as a class of products, has a good international market at home and abroad. Foreign and domestic famous coffee enterprises are optimistic about Yunnan Arabica coffee, which provides a good opportunity for accelerating the development of Yunnan Arabica coffee industry. In 2008, the planting area of various coffees in the province reached 21,333.33 hectares, with an annual output of 30,000 tons of coffee beans, ranking first in the country in terms of planting area and output, achieving an output value of 600 million yuan, becoming a new bright spot for farmers in hot areas to increase income. Distribution of advantageous regions: focus on 16 counties and cities most suitable for Arabica coffee cultivation in Lancang River, Honghe River and Nujiang River basins, such as Ning 'er, Simao, Lancang, Luxi, Jinggu and Mojiang, etc. Meanwhile, arrange corresponding rough processing plants and establish coffee finishing center in Kunming.

Development goal and main direction: In 2012, the coffee planting area will grow to 22,666.67 hectares, achieve an annual output of 36,000 tons of dry beans, cultivate 10 leading enterprises, of which 2 will develop into leading enterprises with an output value of 200 million yuan, and the coffee industry output value will reach 1.5 billion yuan. Mainly to consolidate the existing coffee planting area, focus on supporting coffee processing leading enterprises, mainly for Europe and neighboring countries, to create Yunnan coffee beans famous brand and fine processing brand, improve the popularity of Yunnan coffee and the country's share in the international market.

By 2020, the coffee planting area will be stabilized at 26,666.67 hectares, the annual output will reach 45,000 tons, the two leading enterprises will be developed into leading enterprises with an output value of 500 million yuan, and the output value of coffee industry will reach more than 2.5 billion yuan.

Therefore, Yunnan Province coffee industry not only its coffee planting area and output accounted for more than 95% of the country, but also coffee exports and foreign exchange earnings, instant coffee production scale are ranked first in the country. On March 5, 2007, Yunnan Coffee Planting Technology was broadcast on the seventh agricultural program Science and Technology Garden of China Central Television. This is the program to promote Yunnan coffee again after the previous issue of Caiyun South Coffee Fragrance was broadcast on CCTV 7.

During this period, coffee planting industry in Hainan Island has been declining year by year due to many reasons, which can be said to have plummeted. By the end of 2008, there were only 333.33 hectares left in the whole island, and the main planting area was still in Fushan Town of Chengmai County. However, Hainan Island's popular tourism industry has greatly promoted Hainan's tourism and shopping industry. Dozens of enterprises in Hainan's industrial and commercial circles, such as Pinxiangyuan, Yiran, Nanguo, Chunguang and Xiangsheng, are determined to develop coffee series products and vigorously expand Hainan and even the national market. Hainan Xinglong coffee, Fushan coffee, instant coffee, coconut milk coffee and coffee extract are popular in the national market. Hainan Island has shifted from a single development of coffee farming to a focus on coffee deep processing and the development of three-in-one coffee market, becoming a major force in domestic coffee marketing that cannot be ignored.

5. Agricultural research institutes boost Chinese coffee

The author drafted so far, the mood is agitated and dignified. Chinese coffee, especially Yunnan Arabica coffee, has been developed into large-scale industrialization in the mainland of China through several generations of persistent cultivation and twists and turns. It is not easy to be rated as a first-class product by International Coffee Organization (ICO). The author believes that the rapid rise of Yunnan Arabica coffee in the mainland of China is inseparable from the outstanding efforts of scientific researchers in agricultural research institutes in China. There is no doubt that technology has boosted the development of coffee in China.

At the beginning of 1980s, there were many diseases and insect pests in Yunnan coffee planting area, among which rust, longicorn and root mealybug were the most harmful, which greatly restricted the development of Yunnan coffee. In fact, Yunnan Arabica coffee is Arabica (Typica) and Bourbon (Bourbon) two classic high-quality coffee varieties mixed cultivation in Yunnan plateau specific geographical climate environment of coffee varieties. In 1991, Catimor series were introduced from Kenya. Because of their similar morphology and habits, they were often mixed in Yunnan. All belong to Arabian species (also known as small species) varieties.

The rust-resistant Coffea arabica S288 was introduced from India by Dehong Institute of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (Dehong Institute) in 1967-1968, and the rust-resistant Coffea arabica S795 and S288 were introduced twice from Dehong Institute of Agricultural Sciences. A new round of development coffee configuration rust resistant coffee varieties is the top priority. Scientific and technological workers placed hope on S288 coffee. Through 18 years of preservation and experimental observation, it has been proved that this variety is an ideal rust resistant variety.

In October 1985, the experimental station of Dehong Sub-bureau was presided over by the Science Office of Dehong Agricultural Reclamation Sub-bureau. Experts from Agricultural Reclamation Design Institute, Banna Sub-bureau and Dehong Prefecture Science Committee were invited to attend the meeting to check and identify the scientific research achievements of "Rust-resistant Coffee S288 Introduction and Trial Planting". The participating experts all believed that this variety was a rare rust-resistant variety. They highly evaluated the preservation of this variety during the difficult period of "Cultural Revolution" and unanimously passed the acceptance and identification of scientific research achievements. It is suggested that it should be popularized in humid and hot areas, and should be popularized and applied in prefectures and provinces. The seeds were introduced to South China, Xishuangbanna, Simao, Lincang, Honghe and Wenshan for cultivation. The extension planting area reached 21,333.33 hectares. "Anti-rust coffee S288 introduction trial and promotion" won the second prize of Dehong Prefecture Science and Technology Progress Award in 1985. However, because this variety is a rust resistant coffee variety bred in India in the 1930s, in addition to rust resistance, yield and other agronomic traits have lagged behind and cannot meet the production needs.

Yu Hao, former senior agronomist of Dehong Agricultural Science Institute of Yunnan Province, was transferred from Plant Protection Institute of South China Tropical Crops Research Institute to Dehong in 1950s to carry out coffee rust research. He is an expert in coffee rust research in China. After he was transferred back to his original unit in 1985, he went to Dehong, Yunnan Province again in 1986 for coffee investigation. Jiang Ping of Baoshan Lujiang Farm accompanied him to the unit to hold coffee academic report. Yu Hao explained that the size of coffee fruit is the physiological characteristics of coffee plants. Jiang Ping discussed how to control the occurrence of coffee year from horticultural measures. Technician Duan Baoting accompanied the two experts to Lujiangba to inspect the coffee garden. After Yu Hao was transferred back to work at the South China Tropical Crops Research Institute, he still carried out coffee rust research.

Yu Hao worked in Dehong for many years and understood that Dehong had good coffee planting conditions, but rust restricted the development of coffee. According to his study of coffee rust in Dehong, the higher the yield, the heavier the rust, and no amount of Bordeaux spray had any effect. Therefore, after he returned to Hainan, he contacted the Portugal Coffee Rust Research Center (hereinafter referred to as CIFC) with the help of the favorable conditions for the Tropical Crops Research Institute to contact scientific research institutions at home and abroad. In 1988, he obtained series of rust resistant coffee varieties such as Katim CIFC7960(F6), CIFC7961(F6), CIFC7962(F6) and CIFC7963(F6) from Dr. Carlos, director of CIFC, and sent CIFC7963(F6) coffee with good comprehensive characteristics to our institute and Jiang Ping of Baoshan Lujiang Farm. In May 1988, the Institute sowed 50 seedlings from 21 grams (102 seeds) sent by the Institute in the same year, and planted them on the roadside flat land of the experimental team in June 1989, with a planting distance of 1.5×2 meters. 39 plants were preserved in 1992, and their rust resistance and adaptability were observed. The first generation seeds were introduced to the sixth branch of Ruili Farm, the experimental station of Zefang Farm, the fourth branch of Zefang Farm, Xiangguntang Township of Luxi City and Longjiang River Valley in Longchuan County at an altitude of 780-900 meters. Field rust inoculation experiments have been done many times, artificial inoculation of rust spores. However, most of the inoculation sites only produced yellow spots, but did not produce rust spores and did not spread, and the incidence was 9.5%. 49% of the control (Bobang or Tibika) showed subimmune resistance. The variety showed short, compact, vigorous tree shape, high rust resistance and high quality products. The average yield of dry beans per plant of these 39 plants was 0.78 kg, and the highest was 1.4 kg. In 1993, 0.67 ha was planted under the orchard rubber forest, 1 ha was planted in the original 1966 growth ratio area, 0.33 ha was planted in the beef rib and fertilizer experimental areas respectively, and the planting was expanded in different site environments. In 1994, it was arranged to cover and plant in Lujiang New Town Farm. CIFC7963(F6) coffee was sown in the same year under the efforts of Jiang Ping of Lujiang Farm, 11 seedlings were obtained, and 11 plants were planted in Jiang Ping's private land in the same year. In 1991, Lujiang Farm Experimental Station established 0.17 hectares of experimental land. By 1993, it had developed to 33.33 hectares of productive trial planting, and by 1995, it had been popularized to 66.67 hectares.

In 1996, the introduction and trial planting of this variety were summarized and accepted, and then popularized and used in production. During the Ninth Five-Year Plan period, 13059.3 kg seeds and 200 000 seedlings were popularized in Dehong, Baoshan, Wenshan, Simao, Xishuangbanna, Lincang, Yuxi, Nujiang and Burma, covering an area of 6 984hm2. After continuous breeding and popularization, the planting area of CIFC7963 F6 in Katimo has reached 10 000hm2. It became the main variety in coffee production. The production of "7" high-yield coffee line Katimo CIFC7963 F6 has been included in the biological resources innovation project of Yunnan Province. At present, this variety accounts for 80% of the Arabica coffee varieties planted in Yunnan Province.

In 1980, the four ministries and one association of the central government held a national coffee working meeting in Baoshan, and coffee production was further developed. In 1986, Yunnan Province Tropical Zone Development Leading Group was established, headed by Vice Governor Jin Renqing, and "Tropical Crop Cultivation Technology Training Course" was held in Tropical and Subtropical Economic Crops Research Institute of Yunnan Province Academy of Agricultural Sciences (hereinafter referred to as Thermoeconomics Institute). About 40 people from all over the province participated in the training for half a year, mainly coffee.

1985-1988 Pu Chaozhu, secretary of the provincial party committee, He Zhiqiang, vice governor Jin Renqing, vice governor Zhao Tingguang, vice chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress Qian Weichang and the head of the South Asia Office of the State visited the institute and attached great importance to hot zone development and coffee production. At this time, the coffee science and technology popularization work of the Institute was mainly carried out in Baoshan, Dehong and Nujiang prefectures. By 1988, the coffee popularization area of the whole province was 831.7 hectares, and the total harvest area reached 224.9 tons.

In 1989, Swiss Nestle Coffee Company signed a coffee production contract with Simao for 6666.66 hectares. Since then, American Mc Coffee has also entered Yunnan coffee market, which has greatly promoted the development of Yunnan coffee industry.

1992-1993 In 1997, the Institute of Thermal Economics sent seven scientific and technological personnel, including Zhang Xingcan and Huang Jiaxiong, to Gengma County, Lincang District to assist American Mai's Coffee Company in coffee technology training and production guidance, with more than 40 trainees; conducted academic exchanges with American Chinese Li Hualin and Brazilian expert Eduardo, and guided seedling cultivation and other work.

Coffee primary processing is divided into dry processing, wet processing, semi-wet processing (mechanized peeling degumming processing) several kinds, before 1980 Yunnan coffee processing more dry processing, that is, fresh fruit directly dried, and then with a rice mill to shell that is coffee rice, or artificial peeling fermentation drying shelling coffee rice. This method is difficult to dry, poor quality, low efficiency. In 1979, Yang Zhihua and Li Chao of the Institute of Thermal Economics reformed and invented the coffee fresh fruit peeling machine and shelling machine on the basis of rice milling machine. The processing capacity of fresh fruit is 250-2000 kg/h and coffee beans is 120 kg/h. This technology has been popularized and applied in the whole province.

In 1995, with the production of Simao coffee, due to the limited mechanical processing capacity in China, 255CM vertical peeling machine was introduced from Colombia, which greatly improved the efficiency. However, this technology needs fermentation and consumes a lot of water. For this reason, in 1999, Wu Yongkang of the Institute of Thermal Economics introduced a coffee peeling and degumming combination machine on the basis of an investigation in Brazil, which did not require fermentation and direct drying. After the introduction of this technology, through cooperation with Kunming Libang Machinery Co., Ltd., the second mechanical training class has been successfully held to train more than 100 talents for the province. Wen Zhihua of the Institute of Thermal Economics played an important role in this technology, attending lectures and guiding production in the base for many times. The ecotype degumming combination machine has the advantages of saving water, stable quality and artificial control, and has been adopted by most large coffee gardens at present.

Fragrance and Beverage Institute of Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Sciences (hereinafter referred to as fragrant drink Institute) Xinglong Xiang Beverage Institute. Since the 1960s, Xiangyin Institute has introduced and collected high-yield and disease-resistant varieties of domestic coffee from abroad for adaptive planting and disease resistance identification. Mondonovo was introduced from Mexico in 1974 and Cameroon from Cameroon. In 1978, 23 varieties (small seed species) were introduced from Hainan, Yunnan, Guangxi, Mexico and Malaysia respectively. Among them, 4 varieties from Mexico, 1 from Malaysia and 1 from Brazil have good growth, reasonable tree type, strong resistance and high yield, so they are suitable to be popularized in the low altitude areas of Hainan. From 1960 to 1988, eight medium-grain coffee clones were selected by Xiangyin Institute after years of screening and line comparison test, and the cuttings propagation experiment was carried out. After regional planting in Xinglong and Chengmai of Hainan, the high and stable yield of 4 lines with good characters were analyzed by variance analysis. From the primary lineage ratio of 18 clones, 7 clones were selected for intermediate lineage ratio, and 5 varieties were selected to establish a comprehensive high yield test and demonstration base. When it is used to replace the low-yield coffee garden, the yield of dried beans is 2030~3550kg/h tons, and the yield is increased by 4 to 5 times, reaching the world's advanced level of "8".

6. Opening to the outside world and foreign enterprises to enter China's coffee market

Nestle Group, headquartered in Switzerland, is the largest food company in the world. In the early 1980s, Nestl é began talks with the Chinese government to invest in a factory in China and transfer its world-class know-how and rich expertise in nutrition and food processing to China. In 1990, Nestl é opened its first joint venture factory in Chinese mainland, and has since built a number of factories. Nestl é has helped China save a lot of foreign exchange by using local raw materials to produce equally high-quality food locally instead of imported products. Ninety-nine per cent of the products Nestl é sells on Chinese mainland are now made locally.

In the past 20 years, Nestl é's direct investment in Greater China from Switzerland has totaled 7 billion yuan. Nestl é Greater China is headquartered in Beijing and operates 21 factories. among them, 4 are in Shanghai, 3 in Guangdong Province, 4 in Tianjin, 3 in Sichuan Province, 2 in Shandong Province, 1 in Heilongjiang Province, 1 in Jiangsu Province, 1 in Inner Mongolia Autonomous region and 1 in Beijing area. and one in the Hong Kong Special Administrative region. In 2001, Nestl é established the Shanghai Nestl é R & D Center in Shanghai. In 2006, Nestl é's annual sales in Greater China reached 11.9 billion yuan and paid various taxes of about 1.1 billion yuan.

In 1997, Maxwell changed its name to Maxwell. Maxwell Coffee is the most popular coffee in the United States, and it is also a world-famous delicious coffee. Theodore Roosevelt, then president of the United States, praised "Good to the last drop" after drinking the coffee, which is now a registered trademark of Maxwell products. Maxwell Coffee first entered China in 1985.

The main businesses of Taiwan coffee chain in Chinese mainland are: Starbucks, Real Pot, Shangdao.

Starbucks adopts a regional authorization approach to divide the country into North China, Central China and South China, and form alliances and cooperate with different companies. Starbucks is generally rooted on the ground floor of some bustling commercial buildings or office buildings. After selecting the location of every store in the world, Starbucks asked the franchisee to send the floor plan and surrounding environment of the store to its headquarters in the United States to plan the decoration design, and then send the design drawings back to various places. Starbucks was introduced to the mainland in 1999 by Sun Dawei, who once operated McDonald's and Hardstone in Taiwan.

The reason why the real pot adopts the direct operation + franchise mixed chain mode is that it is "easy to train and provide model stores to franchisees". The real pot describes the ideal franchisee as follows: good moral character and credit, high enthusiasm and dedication to the coffee business. The franchisee needs to provide a shop of 150,200 square meters, and after paying a full fee of 1.2 million yuan, he will become the shopkeeper. Real pot's "hometown" is in Tokyo, Japan, and entered Taiwan in 1992. In Chinese mainland, there are 30 coffee chains, six of which are directly operated.

Shangdao adopts low-cost contract chain. The joining fee of Shangdao Coffee is only 60,000 yuan every four years. Go to the island to help franchisees choose the address of the store, and at the same time provide food and beverage materials, utensils, articles and supporting facilities with the characteristics of the island. Shangdao Coffee was founded by Taiwanese Chen Wenmin. In May 1997, Shangdao Coffee entered the mainland from Taiwan in cooperation with Tangcheng Group.