Introduction to the geographical environment of coffee-producing countries in Rwanda in Africa

To the northwest of Rwanda, there is the towering Virunga Virunga Mountains. Several major volcanoes in the Virunga Mountains are all above 3500 meters above sea level, with the highest peak of 4500 meters above sea level and covered with snow all the year round. The jungles of the Virunga Mountains, the main habitat for mountain chimpanzees, are currently endangered but are still not effectively protected. Under the influence of this mountain range, Rwanda is covered with hills and is known as the country of thousands of mountains. The clear lake and beautiful scenery are regarded by many Europeans as the Switzerland of the tropics. With this reputation, tourists naturally continue to flow, and tourism has become an important source of foreign exchange for Rwanda. The economic situation in Rwanda is indeed good. In the more than 20 years from 1965 to 1989, although the population of Rwanda grew at an average annual rate of 3.7%, it was still lower than the average annual growth rate of 5% of its gross national product (GNP). This is a remarkable achievement in Africa. The government and the church have invested a lot in education and health care, and the living standards of ordinary people have gradually improved. About 2/3 of Rwanda's rural population depends on coffee farming, which is also an important source of foreign exchange for Rwanda. Unlike many African countries, the Government of Rwanda has made agricultural development a top priority. Of course, the development of African countries cannot be achieved without foreign assistance. Because of Rwanda's orderly and good economic performance, many Western countries are also willing to come here to support projects. The former patriarch Belgium gave the most aid to Rwanda, and Switzerland, also a mountain country, was generous, giving more aid to Rwanda than to any other country in Africa. Of course, France also has a very obvious influence here, providing all kinds of technical support to Rwanda, providing military training and so on. In 1973, foreign aid accounted for 5% of Rwanda's government revenue. By 1991, the proportion had reached 22%.

Does it seem to be a rare successful example in Africa? Unfortunately, behind the peaceful society of Rwanda is the engraved hatred between the two ethnic groups. But are they really two peoples?

The Great Lakes region has been a very rich place in history, with fertile land, and it was lush even during the last ice age, which ended nearly 10,000 years ago. At present, it is not possible to test when modern human beings began to enter this area. It is generally believed that it happened between 3,000 and 9,000 years ago, which should be a very long process. The first to come here should be the Twa of the Tewa. The Tewa people make a living by gathering and hunting, which is a common way of life before agriculture and animal husbandry, which can be regarded as prehistoric civilization. At present, there are still Twa living in Rwanda, accounting for about 1% of the total population. More than a thousand years ago, the Bantu Bantu people began to live in this area. The Bantu people originated in West Africa, about where they are now in Nigeria and Cameroon. In 2500 BC, the Bantu people entered the agricultural society and developed their own agricultural skills and metal smelting technology. with a stronger ability to adapt to nature than the people of gathering and hunting, the Bantu people began to expand. Around 1000 BC, he began to move out of West Africa and spread throughout sub-Saharan Africa. In East Africa, the Bantu learned to raise livestock from the nomads they conquered and became a semi-agricultural and semi-pastoral people. The Bantu people who settled on the west bank of the Great Lakes region, known as the Hutu Hutu, developed a city-state with a complex social structure between the 13th and 15th centuries.