Introduction of Fine Coffee in Ganzhuang Garden in Kahayang, Indonesia

Japan occupied Indonesia in 1942. After Japan surrendered in 1945, Indonesia broke out the August Revolution. On August 17, 1945, it declared its independence and established the Republic of Indonesia.

After its independence, Indonesia successively armed against the invasion of Britain and the Netherlands, and launched three wars of independence. After 1947, after many wars and consultations, the Netherlands and Indonesia signed the India-Netherlands Round Table Agreement in November 1949. According to this agreement, Indonesia established a federal republic on December 27 of the same year to participate in the Union of the Netherlands and India.

In August 1950, the Federal Assembly of Indonesia formally announced the establishment of the Republic of Indonesia through an interim constitution, and Indonesia became the 60th member of the United Nations in the same year. He seceded from the Union of the Netherlands and India in August 1954.

In 1967, Indonesia established the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) with Malaysia, the Philippines, Singapore and Thailand. ASEAN already has 10 members, and Indonesia is one of the most influential members. [6]

The Asian financial crisis in 1997 had a comprehensive impact on Indonesia and caused unrest.

In May 1998, President Suharto, who had been in power for 32 years, resigned and Vice President Habibi took over as president. In October 1999, the Indonesian people's Consultative Conference (CPPCC) elected Wahid as president and Megawati as vice president. On July 23, 2001, the special session of the people's Association removed President Wahid for malfeasance, Megawati took over as President and Hamzeh Haz served as Vice President.

In July 2004, Indonesia held its first direct presidential election in history. Former Minister of political Security Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and Minister of people's Welfare Coordination Muhammad Jusuf Kalla won two rounds of direct elections and were sworn in as president and vice president on October 20, 2004.

In August 2005, the Indonesian government reached a peace agreement with the separatist group Aceh Independence Movement. In July 2006, the Indonesian Congress passed the Aceh Management Law. In December 2006, Aceh held local elections, and former leaders of the "Asian independence movement", Irvandi Yusuf (Irwandi Yusuf) and Mohamed Nazar (Muhammad Nazar), were elected governors and vice governors. In April 2012, former leaders of the Aceh Independence Army, Zaini Abdullah and Muzakir Manaf, were elected provincial governors and vice governors for a term of office until 2017

In 1696, the then Governor of the Netherlands in Malabar, India, gave a batch of coffee seedlings to the Governor of the Netherlands in batavia in Batavia (present-day Jarkata in Jakarta). This was the first time that coffee was grown in Indonesia. However, the first batch of coffee seedlings were washed away by the flood. In 1699, Batavia accepted the gift again. This time, the coffee seedlings survived successfully and ushered in the first harvest in 1701, which began the coffee trip to Indonesia.

At first, coffee was grown in and around Jakarta, and then gradually expanded to central and eastern Java, as well as Sulawesi, Sumatra and Bali. At the same time, in eastern Indonesia, coffee was also grown in Flores on the island of Flores and Timor on the island of Timor in the Portuguese territory at that time, but the source of the coffee seedlings was different.

Indonesian coffee began to supply the European market in 1711, when Indonesia was the first country outside Africa and Arabia to grow coffee on a large scale. It became the world's largest exporter of coffee in the 1880s. The fame of Java coffee began here.

The prosperity of coffee in Indonesia was not sustainable, coffee production was fatally hit at the end of the 18th century, and leaf rust, originally found in West Java, spread rapidly, destroying the Arabica coffee estate in Indonesia. The leading position of the coffee trade was replaced by the American producing countries. However, it is worth mentioning that the leaf rust disaster did not affect the eastern Indonesian producing areas, namely Flores Island and Timor, where the genes of some coffee trees in Timor today can be traced back to the 16th and 17th centuries.

According to ICO, Indonesia's coffee production ranked third in the world in 2013, although 80% of the coffee was grown in Robusta.

In the Dutch colonial era, coffee was mainly grown in large estates. After World War II, it experienced the process of nationalization and the movement of independence. Today, about 90% of the coffee produced in Indonesia is produced by small farmers.

Coffee variety

At first, Indonesian coffee was Arabica, and the Arabica manor was destroyed by a leaf rust disaster at the end of the 18th century. at first, the Dutch tried to grow Liberian seeds, and later, they began to plant Robsta seeds on a large scale.

At present, Arabica accounts for about 10-15% of the coffee produced in Indonesia, and the rest is Robusta. Although Liberika is productive, it is basically not included in the coffee trade.